资源描述
Unit15 定语从句语法考点超级归纳在复合句中作定语的句子叫作定语从句（Attributive Clause）。引导定语从句的有关系代词who, that, which等，关系副词when, where, why等。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词、代词等之后，这个名词或代词被称作先行词。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。考点一：关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：格先行词主格宾格所有格人whowhomwhose物whichwhichwhose of which人、物thatthat 关系代词的用法见下表：关系代词用法说明例句who, whom和 whosewho代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语；whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略；whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by e-mail first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗？This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸10年前教的学生。The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略）Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. 不爱运动或者饮食热量偏高的孩子很快就发胖。Look out! Dont get too close to the house whose roof is under repair.当心！不要靠近那个屋顶在维修的房子。whichwhich代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。（which可以换成that）Tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。（which可以换成that）thatthat既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略Is she the girl that sells newspapers?她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成which）Is this the book that you want to buy?这是你要买的那本书吗？（that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略。）注：关系代词who, which与that的区别类别用法说明例句关系代词who与that的区别1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who；2. 当关系代词用作介词的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that；3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that；4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who）I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.刚才我们校长同他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who）He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）关系代词which与that的区别1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多用that；2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that；3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句中时，应用that；4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which；5. 当关系代词出现在who和which开头的疑问句中时，应用that。All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。Exercise is something that can help to make you look good, feel good and be healthy. 运动能让你气色好，感觉好，身体好。This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, hosted the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，主办了2008年奥运会。Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that是为了避免重复which）考点二：关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。其用法不妨记住一个口诀：the time whenthe place wherethe reason why 关系副词用法说明例句when关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的7月和8月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months）Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（when先行词是day，当代英语里when可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词）I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替）Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.这个学校已经发生巨变，不再是20年前那个样子了，那时教学设备简陋。where关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where的先行词是town）This is the place where Li Bai once lived.这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where先行词是place）（此句不可将where改为that，因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较：This is the place that Li Bai once visited.这是李白曾经游览过的地方。that的先行词同样是place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，还可用which替换）Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet wherelife has developed gradually.斯蒂芬.霍金认为地球不可能是唯一有生命的星球。why关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（why先行词是reason，当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略）This is the reason why he came late to school.这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（why先行词是reason，why可用that替代，还可以省略）注意：如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了（This is why he came late to school. ）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。小贴士：一句多译：他出生的那天是元旦。 The day on which he was born was New Years Day. The day which he was born on was New Years Day. The day that he was born on was New Years Day. The day he was born on was New Years Day. The day when he was born was New Years Day. The day that he was born was New Years Day. The day he was born was New Years Day.注意：1）关系副词when, where, why有时可以省略。例如：She will never forget the day (when) her mother died. 她永远也忘不了她母亲去世的那一天。This is the factory (where) I worked three years ago. 这是我三年前工作过的工厂。The reason (why) he came late was that he got up late. 他来得晚的原因是起床晚了。2）在非正式文体中，that也可以作关系副词，替代关系副词when, where或why。例如：I havent seen her since the year that I left Tokyo. 自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。小贴士：一句多译：这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。 This is the reason why he came late to school. This is the reason that he came late to school. This is the reason he came late to school. This is why he came late to school.考点三：“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词用法说明例句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语时，就出现了“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。作介词宾语的关系代词通常用which和whom，不能用that。“介词which”引导的定语从句修饰指物的先行词，“介词whom”引导的定语从句修饰指人的先行词。The English play in whichmy students acted at the New Years party was a great success.我的学生在元旦晚会上表演的英语剧很成功。But some occasions on which people clap change from one country to another. 但是在有些场合，不同国家的人们鼓掌的方式有所不同。（“介词关系代词”在从句中作状语）Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的演讲。Of course there will be plenty of other new jobs, some of which we probably cant even guess.当然还有大量的其他的新型工作，有些甚至是我们想不到的。She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票，其中60是德国邮票。（“介词关系代词”在从句中作定语）注：1）“介词关系代词”结构中介词的确定：介词的确定遵循两个原则：一是根据从句中的谓语动词与先行词的习惯搭配，二是根据介词与先行词的习惯搭配。例如：It was a prison from which no one escaped. 那是一个任何人也逃不了的监狱。The other two areas in which the two varieties differ are spelling and pronunciation. 两种英语中另外两个领域的区别是拼写和发音。注：2）“介词which”有时可与相应的关系副词互换。例如：Is this the school in which (=where) you studied ten years ago? 这就是你10年前学习过的学校吗？Ill never forget the day on which (=when) I first met her. 我永远不会忘记我第一次遇见她的那一天。The reason for which (=why) she was absent was that she missed the train. 她迟到的原因是没有赶上火车。3）介词后置时，关系代词可省略。例如：This is the book (which) Im most interested in. 这就是我非常感兴趣的那本书。4）关系代词which有时作定语。例如：We arrived at noon, by which time the demonstration was over. 我们是中午到的，这时示威游行已结束。Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 汤姆在大学呆了四年，在此期间他学了法语。I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. 我把他的名字叫错了，对此错误我应当道歉。5）way（方式）为先行词时，并且关系词在从句中作状语，则定语从句的引导词用in which, that或者省略。例如：I dont like the way (in which / that) you talked to me. 我不喜欢你和我讲话的方式。6）time（次数）为先行词时，定语从句用that引导，或将that省略。例如：It was the first time (that) Helen had understood such a complex word a word for something she couldnt touch. 海伦第一次理解了这样一个复杂的单词一个她不能触摸不到的代表某物的单词。小贴士：一句多译：刚才我们校长同他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。 The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.第句简洁、自然，所以口语中较常用。考点四：关系代词as引导的定语从句as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里；二是独立于主句之外。用法说明例句在固定搭配asas, soas, suchas, the sameas中，as引导定语从句You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语）I have got such a computer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑。（as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is ）I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is ）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句As we know, the earth turns around the sun.正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。As is known to us, （As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。）As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.像往常一样，我们已经制定了生产计划。注：as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1）as 引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前，而which不可置于主句前。试比较：As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. 你知道，如果你反复做同样的事，你就会自动地去做了。And our porters carry your luggage, which means that you can simply enjoy the experience. 有搬运工为你搬运行李，这意味着你能尽情地享受旅行。2）as引导非限制性定语从句时有“正如”之意，而which没有此意。3）as在从句中作主语时，谓语中一般有系动词be。否则用关系代词which。试比较：It was raining heavily last night, which prevented me from going to the party. 昨夜雨下得很大，使得我无法参加晚会。Smoking is harmful to ones health, as is known to us all. 正如我们大家所知道的，吸烟有害健康。考点五：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句类别用法说明例句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，中间不用逗号隔开The school where I studied only two years was three kilometres away. 我仅仅在那里读了两年的学校有三公里远。We are just human beings who have the same feelings. 我们只是具有同样感情的人。The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.被工厂污染的水不宜饮用。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思会受到影响）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句先行词关系不太密切，若缺少，句意仍相对完整，中间一般用逗号隔开Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.水是一种清澈的液体，在我们的日常生活中应用非常广泛。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思不会受到影响）The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of whichis September through December. 一个学年分为两个学期，第一个学期是从9月到12月。In China and Japan there are mid-autumn festivals, when people admire the moon and give gifts of mooncakes. 中国和日本都有中秋节，这时，人们会赏月，并互赠月饼。As a child, Jack studied in a village school, which is named after his grandfather. 小时候，杰克上的是乡村学校，这个学校是以他祖父命名的。小贴士：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在意义上有所区别。例如：His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.他的一个十九岁的哥哥现在部队服役。（表明他不止一个哥哥）His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.他的哥哥，今年十九岁，现在部队服役。（表明他只有一个哥哥）注：1）关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句。2）在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。例如：She was eager to see her mother, whom she hadnt seen for two years. 她急于见到她的母亲，她有两年没见到母亲了。3）定语从句的位置定语从句一般置于先行词之后。有时，定语从句与先行词之间插入其他成分。例如：There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。It is a language without words that consists of gestures, facial expressions and body movements that greatly add to and sometimes even replace spoken language. 这是一种没有词语，由手势、面部表情和身体动作组成的语言，它极大地丰富了有时甚至取代了口头语言。4）that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别在定语从句中，that作主语或宾语；在同位语从句中，that不作任何成分。试比较：There are no signs that Charles was a rich man. 没有迹象表明查尔斯是个有钱人。（同位语从句）They find signs that make them believe other humans before them have traveled to the Earths centre. 他们发现了一些迹象，这使他们相信，在他们之前已经有其他人到地心旅行过。（定语从句）5）定语从句与强调句型的区别去掉强调句型中的It is / was和that / who后，句子成分仍然完整；去掉定语从句中的It is / was和that / who后，句子成分残缺不全。试比较：It was at this time yesterday that we pulled up at a mountainside store. 昨天的这个时候我们在山腰上的商店旁停了车。（强调句型）It was the best way that we could teach the young. 这是我们教年轻人的最佳方式。（定语从句）
展开阅读全文