（江苏专用）2019高考英语二轮增分策略 专题五 书面表达 第二节 分类突破 二 段落概括的9大技巧优选习题

二、段落概括的9大技巧读写任务型写作中，开头的30词的段落概括是一篇好的书面表达的开始。我们必须从文体入手，分析文章结构，准确把握要点，注意区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等逻辑关系。在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。1概括的标准：瞄准目的，省却细节，抛弃例子。2概括的写作步骤：(1)确定主题句；(2)寻找关键词；(3)重构主题句；(4)重组支撑句。3注意概括段落的文体(1)对于故事性、记叙性的文体：要找出文中的时间、地点、人物、事件(过程)、原因、结果(影响、感悟、启发、启迪、结论)。即when，where，who，what，why，how。(2)对于议论文，转述时则要准确而全面地概括作者的观点和态度。在文中找关键词(主题字眼)；找出涉及主题的问题(作者看法)；找出相关问题的解决办法。可以借助相关过渡词，恰当地概括文章要点，切勿照抄原文句子。4如何写主题句进行读写任务型写作时，因“写作内容”所列要点的顺序已具有内在的逻辑性，所以考生按照所给内容要点顺序写作即可，无需重新调整。一般是每个写作要点安排一段，且将写作内容的每个要点作为各段的主题句，放在句首。这样既符合英语的写作习惯，又可以避免写作时跑题或漏掉要点，并且层次分明，方便阅卷老师落实要点是否齐全。当然，如果所给要点之间有非常紧密的联系，也可以安排在同一段内。微技能(一)直接翻译对不含提问性质的要点，一般将其译成英语即可，必要时可增加关联词。例如：1其他督促学生认真学习的办法。However，there are other ways to make students work hard.2中学生活和大学生活的差别。From my point of view，the college life will be different from the life in high school.微技能(二)回答要点主题句对要点提问作出明确回答。例如：1要点：学生的压力来源是什么？Nowadays，students are under great pressure，which mainly comes from their school work as well as peer relationship.2要点：在小孩几岁的时候教他们理财？用什么形式理财？I think five to six is an appropriate age to begin teaching children money management skills.Parents may accompany their children to the bank and help them open an account in which they can save their lucky money.微技能(三)明确观点对带有一般问句性质、要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要点，考生要明确表示支持还是反对、赞同还是不赞同、该还是不该等，或表明会不会做某事。例如：1你是否也埋怨过父母。As for me，I always complain about my parents high expectation on me and their ignoring my real feelings.2你是否赞同“狼爸”式的教育，并陈述你的理由。Personally I disapprove of what is advocated in the book entitled “Thats Why They Go to Peking University”，because I wonder whether the admission to a prestigious university has become the only marker of success in most parents mind，or rather，a full stop to parental duties.微技能(四)“重要”表达如果要点是“谈谈的重要性”，主题句则为“有重要作用”；如果要点是“谈谈有何重要意义”，主题句则为“很有意义”等。说明必要、重要或意义的常用表达有：1We should attach more importance to sth.2It is important/significant for sb.to do sth.3Sth.plays a very important role/part in.4Sth.is playing an increasingly important role in our life.5People are coming to realize the importance of.6The significance of.cannot be overvalued.例如：1.谈谈独立的重要性。Inspired by the story，I suddenly realized the importance of independence.2谈谈在危急的状况下保持镇静的重要意义。First of all，keeping calm in an emergency is of great significance.微技能(五)表明看法对“你对的看法/态度”之类的写作要点，考生可用in my opinion/view，personally，as far as Im concerned等开头，直接表明自己的看法。例如：1你对父母溺爱孩子的看法。In my opinion，overprotection and too much care are extremely bad for childrens development.2我对大学扩招的看法。From my point of view，this tendency should be continued，as we need more capable people to contribute to the fastgrowing economy.微技能(六)引出经历由别人的经历引出自己的经历时可用以下句型来表达：1It reminds me of the time when.2It reminds me of an accident which happened several days ago.3After reading the story above，I recall the experience of my friend who.4The story above reminds me of one of my experiences.例如：1讲述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的经历(时间、地点和起因)。Sams story reminds me of my similar experience.2你(或你同学)的一次车祸经历。I also experienced a similar car accident.题组过关1根据所给要点写出每个段落的主题句1要点：发脾气的害处。As we know，getting angry not only does harm to ones health，but also has a bad effect on the relationship between people.2要点：我们能以木匠建房的态度去对待我们的生活吗？In no way should we treat our life in the way like the carpenter.3要点：作为校方应该采取哪些措施避免此类悲剧(校园安全问题)的发生。More lectures should be held on safety to enhance students awareness of the issue.4要点：你是否支持该校长的做法，并陈述理由。Im completely for what the headmaster did.Only when students behave well can they create a good environment for study，so its necessary to suspend the misbehaved students and help them to behave well.5要点：北大不应该拒绝游客。It surprises me to learn that Peking University shuts its door to group tours，which seems inappropriate.6要点：越来越多的人又开始骑自行车的原因。Nowadays，more and more people ride bicycles.The main reason is that.7要点：你是否赞成文中对出国游学的看法？I couldnt agree more with the author./I totally agree with the author.8要点：日常生活中为了保护环境我们还可以做些什么？As high school students，we are supposed to make great efforts to help protect our environment.微技能(七)要素串联法对记叙文进行概括时，要抓住原文的人物、事件、结果三大要素。有些记叙文的结尾有一个点题句，表达深刻内涵或故事带给人们的启示，在写概要时也需把故事寓意表达出来。1寻词摘句，确定要素：记叙文通常包含时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、经过(how)等六大要素。在阅读时要圈定这些要素。2整合信息，串联要素：列出上述要素和关键词后，需要对其进行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的逻辑顺序，在整合时要有所取舍，对于能揭示主题的主要信息，应该全部概括；而对于主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地舍弃。3认真审题，注意表达：表达时要注意以下三点：(1)确定人称：如果原文是第一人称，在转述时一般要改为第三人称。(2)确定时态：记叙文以一般过去时为主。若记叙文中有作者从中得到的“启示”或“意义”等，一般用一般现在时表达。(3)确定词数与句数：概要要求是“以约30个词概括”，满分作文概括的词数在2638个单词之间。受词数限制，概括部分一般用13句表达，以用两句最佳，句子过多，要么内容累赘，要么句式过于简单，均会影响表达效果。注意：故事性阅读材料，应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么，不能拖泥带水，而且最好讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。题组过关2阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容，并按要求写出步骤。A father came home from work late，tired and exhausted. He worked day and night hoping to earn more money for his only child. His 5yearold daughter was waiting for him at the door.“Dad，how much do you earn an hour？” asked the daughter.“Why do you ask that？”“I just want to know. Please tell me how much you earn an hour.”“If you really want to know.I earn 20 an hour.”“Oh，” the little girl replied with her head down. Looking up she said，“Dad，may I borrow 10？”The father became angry.“Go to bed right now! Think about how selfish you are！I work hard every day but you just want to buy your silly toy！”The little girl quietly went to her bedroom feeling sad. After an hour or so the father calmed down and started to feel sorry because she really didnt ask for money very often. So he went to his daughters room and gave her 10.The little girl jumped from the bed.“Oh，thank you Dad！” She was really happy indeed.Then she took out her own savings and said，“Dad，I have 20 now. Can I buy an hour of your time? Please come home earlier tomorrow. I would like to have dinner with you.”第一步：圈定本文的要素whoa girl and her fatherwhenat the time when her father came home from workwhereat homewhatThe girl borrowed 10 from her father and wanted to buy an hour from her father.第二步：确定人称和时态1人称：第三人称；2时态：一般过去时。第三步：串联要素，确定表达In the passage，a little girl asked her father，who often came home late from hard work，how much he earned an hour.Then she borrowed some money from her father and asked him to sell one hour of his time to accompany her.微技能(八)中心词挖掘法说明性短文，用概括的文字介绍或说明某种事物的性质功用或社会现象。所以我们碰到这样的文体，可以用中心词挖掘法。题组过关3阅读下面短文，写出文章关键词，然后以约30个词归纳文章大意。Welcome back to Modern Parenting.Weve already talked about being open and honest with your kids，but there is one thing that all good parents do，and its surprisingly simple：read to your kids.Studies show that children are better prepared for school and tend to get better grades later on if their parents make a habit of reading to them from a young age.One study from Harvard University found that the number of books in the home was the single biggest factor related to success in school，more than the education or income of the parents! Reading is fun，and it can be an important part of relaxing at bedtime.Best of all，it gives parents an opportunity to communicate with their children and teach them about the world.Its never too early to start reading to your children.Many parents buy books for their kids long before they can talk，and some even start reading to their children before they are born! Trips to the library or the bookstore can be fun activities for young families to do together. So parents，if you are wondering what to do with your kids tonight，remember：all you need is a good book! Thats all for Modern Parenting.This is Lesley，on 105.7 FM，saying good night.1关键词：read to your kids；be better for；a habit of reading；the biggest factor；success；opportunity；communicate with；activities2根据以上关键词提示，请归纳文章大意：我们可以用这样的句式：(1)The passage introduces.to us，especially its.，from which we know.(2)The passage tells us.，including.(方法1)，.(方法2)，and.(方法3)(3)The passage points out that.The program introduces a simple way to parents：read to their children as early as possible，which is vital to childrens personal growth，academic achievements and communication with parents.微技能(九)主题概括法1找出关键词和主题句任何议论文包括论点、论据、论证三部分，所以在写议论文的摘要时也要扣住这三大要素。议论文是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般来说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点或看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。2根据关键词和主题句进行概括根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。3整合要点，限制词数用相应的连词对各要点进行连接，使其连贯，整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。题组过关4阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括下文的主要内容。If you ask people what makes them happy，you will probably get many different answers，but there are two fundamental things that will ensure happiness.The first part of what makes people happy is growth.When you feel like you are improving your life，thats when you are happy.It doesnt necessarily mean that you have to constantly buy bigger and better things.You need to feel like you are growing on a personal level.You need to know that the essence of who you are is continually improving in some way.Keep looking for ways to make yourself better today than you were yesterday.This can mean different things to different people but the point is that you have to feel like you are improving and getting better as a human being as time goes by.The second part of what makes people happy is the sense of contribution.Everyone wants to believe that they are put here to do something great.As long as you know that by your being here，by doing what you are doing，you are helping someone somewhere，it will bring you happiness.These are two ways of how to find happiness.Are these the only answers to what makes people happy? That depends on how you define happiness.第一步：圈定文章的关键词和主题句1关键词：happy，different answers；two fundamental things2主题句：The first part of what makes people happy is growth.The second part of what makes people happy is the sense of contribution.第二步：根据文章大意可知本文为“观点对比式议论文”1人们的观点：People have different opinions about what makes them happy.2作者的观点：Happiness comes from fundamental sources.第三步：整合要点，确定答案While people have different opinions about what makes them happy，the writer thinks that happiness comes from fundamental sources：the improvement of ones life and the sense of contribution.1阅读下面短文，写出记叙文的六大要素，并连成一段30词左右的段落大意。The Best GiftDella and Jim broke away from their families to get married.Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building.They were now digesting the hardship of life.The only joy was their sweet love for each other.The handsome husband had to be burdened with a family though he was young.The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved.Christmas was coming.They were thinking of a good gift for each other.Della wore a waterfall of black hair，but her comb was broken.Jim had a gold watch with an old chain，which was passed from his old grandfather.The big day finally came.On arriving home，Jim was surprised to find Dellas long hair cut short.But Della was also surprised to find Jims gold watch gone.She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him! He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her! The gifts were now useless.But in fact they got the best gifts.whoDella and Jimwherea small atticwhen before Christmaswhatbuy gifts for each otherhowsell their precious thingswhylove between themThe passage is about the true love between a couple，Della and Jim.They both sacrificed their most valuable things to buy their partner a gift to fulfill their little dreams.2阅读下面短文，并用30词左右来概括段落大意。A boy found an eagles egg and he put it in the nest of a hen.The eagle hatched and thought he was a chicken.He grew up doing what chickens didscratching for food and flying short distances.It was a dull life.Gradually the eagle grew older and bitter.One day he and his chicken friends saw a beautiful bird soaring on the currents of air，high above the mountains.“Oh，I wish I could fly like that！” said the eagle.The chicken replied，“Dont give it another thought.Thats the mighty(强大的) eagle，the king of all birdsyou could never be like him！” And the eagle didnt give it another thought.He went on cackling and complaining about life.He died thinking he was a prairie chicken.My friends，you were born an eagle too.The Creator intended you to be an eagle，so dont listen to the chickens!Hatched by a hen，an eagle lived like a chicken.He wanted to fly like an eagle but was discouraged by his fellows.Eventually he died bitterly without knowing he himself was an eagle.3阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair.Honesty is a good virtue.If you are honest all the time，youll be trusted and respected by others.A liar is always looked down upon and regarded as a black sheep by the people around.Once you lie，people will never believe you even if you speak the truth.However，nowadays it seems that more and more people believe in money at the sacrifice of honesty.To them，among such things as health，beauty，money，intelligence，honesty，reputation and talent，honesty is the only thing that can be thrown away.They dont understand or pretend not to understand that honesty is the biggest fortune for humans，and that it is necessary to do everything well.In short，honesty is gold.Honest，your reputation will become great；dishonest，your name will be spoiled.Therefore，we should never make such an excuse as “A little dishonesty is only a slight thing.” We should remove immediately the seed of dishonesty once its sowed in our minds.It is known that honesty plays an important role in our life，which can contribute to our success and earn us respect from others.Therefore，honesty is of vital importance and brings people benefits.4阅读下面短文，并用30词左右的段落大意来概括。There is no doubt that academic study is an important part of the school days.However，it is not the only thing that students should be learning.Schools should also be teaching students certain life skills so that they graduate.Following this reasoning，I believe that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day.Physical exercise will benefit students in many ways.First of all，regular exercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle.However，with their busy schedules，many students may not have the opportunity to exercise at home and they may become weaker.If schools allow students to do some physical activity every day，they will be happier and healthier students.Second，doing some sports during the school day will give the students a break and allow them to relax their minds.They will be able to return to their studies refreshed and with more energy to learn.As fitness is such an important ingredient of success，I believe that schools should require students to engage in some physical activities every day.It will be good not only for their bodies，but also for their minds.Happier and healthier students will do better at their academic studies and in life.The author argues that daily physical exercise is necessary for students，because they will benefit a lot in many ways.Additionally，the writer suggests that school should encourage students to take some exercise every day.10