2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷18

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries（ ）as a unified science.问题1选项A.did ecology emergeB.when ecology emergedC.ecology emergedD.when did ecology emerge【答案】A【解析】考查倒装结构。当not until放句首时，句子要部分倒装。故A项正确。句意：直到19世纪末20世纪初，生态学才作为统一的科学出现。2. 单选题An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission（FTC. proposed adding a do not track （DNT）option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT; Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance（DAA. agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged: we believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that simple?1. Paragraph 1 suggests that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to（ ）.2. “The industry”（Line 5, Para.3）refers to（ ）.3. The author holds that setting DNT as a default（ ）.4. According to Paragraph6,（ ）.5. The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of（ ）.问题1选项A.ease competition among themselvesB.avoid complaints from consumersC.provide better online servicesD.lower their operational costs问题2选项A.online advertisersB.e-commerce conductorsC.digital information analysisD.internet browser developers问题3选项A.may cut the number of junk adsB.fails to affect the ad industryC.may not benefit consumersD.goes against human nature问题4选项A.DNT may not serve its intended purposeB.advertisers are willing to implement DNTC.DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD.advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads问题5选项A.indulgenceB.skepticismC.appreciationD.understanding【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy. 有句老话说，所有广告预算的一半都浪费了问题是，没人知道是哪一半。在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这个比例可以大大降低。通过观察人们在网上搜索、点击和发言的内容，公司可以针对那些最有可能购买的人投放“行为”广告。由此可知行为广告能降低运营成本。故D项正确。2.词义题。由第三段第一句话“In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission（FTC. proposed adding a do not track （DNT）option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC.提议在互联网浏览器中增加“禁止追踪”（DNT）选项，这样用户就可以告诉广告商他们不希望被跟踪。”以及“In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance（DAA. agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.” 今年2月，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟（DAA.一致认为，该行业将着手应对DNT请求。由上文可知FTC以及IE等同意在浏览器中增加DNT选项，故the industry就是指代上文提到的互联网浏览器。3.判断推理题。由第五段“It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. 目前尚不清楚广告客户将如何回应。获得DNT信号并不意味着任何人都必须停止跟踪，尽管一些公司已经承诺这样做。由于无法判断用户是真的反对行为性广告，还是坚持使用微软的默认设置，一些企业可能会忽略DNT信号，继续按下按钮。据此可知在网络浏览器中增加DNT选项并不意味着用户的浏览记录不会被追踪，也就是说用户可能不会真正从中受益。故C项正确。4.判断推理题。由第六段“Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. 同样不清楚的是，微软为什么要单干。毕竟，它也有自己的广告业务，它说自己会遵守DNT请求，尽管它仍在研究如何做到这一点。如果它试图扰乱谷歌的话，那么它几乎完全依赖DNT默认设置将成为常态。由此可知微软将DNT作为浏览器默认设置的目的并不是不记录用户的轨迹，而是想扰乱它的竞争者比如谷歌，所以偏离了DNT的初衷。故A项正确。5.观点态度题。由题干定位到本文最后一句“Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, blogged: we believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that simple? 微软首席隐私官Brendon Lynch在博客中写道:“我们相信消费者应该有更多的控制权。”真的有那么简单吗?”从Could it really be that simple?可知作者是持怀疑态度。故B项正确。3. 单选题There are many ways of defining success. It is accurate to say that each of us has our own concept of success to the extent that each of us is responsible for setting our own goals and determining whether we have met these goals satisfactorily. Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly.For some people, simply being able to live their life with a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success, Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature, and who is respected because he does a good job of achieving the goals expected of and accepted by him and his society. On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success. Because not all ventures can be successful, one should not set unrealistic goals for achieving success, but if one has self-confidence it would be unfortunate to set ones goals at too low a level of achievement.A wise counselor once said to a young man who was experiencing frustration with his own professional success: “You do not have to set your goal to reach the moon in order to have success in traveling. Sometimes one can be very successful merely by taking a walk in the park, or riding the subway downtown,” The counselor added, “You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort.1. In the first paragraph, the author implies that（ ）are essential in achieving success.2. The word “frugal（Line 2, Para. 2）means（ ）.3. Some rich people consider themselves unsuccessful because（ ）.4. The last paragraph implies that（ ）.5. This passage mainly talks about（ ）.问题1选项A.ability and goalsB.goals and determinationC.ability and environmentD.goals and environment问题2选项A.wealthyB.wastefulC.thriftyD.miserable问题3选项A.their life is miserableB.they do not live in peaceC.their goals are too lowD.they are not rich enough by their own standards问题4选项A.we should have high goalsB.success means achieving great goalsC.success means taking a walk in the parkD.success means trying ones best at what one really likes问题5选项A.the definition of successB.how to achieve successC.how to set goalsD.the importance of goals【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干定位到第一段最后一句“Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly. 因为我们每个人在遗传能力和表达这些能力的有利环境方面都有独特的差异，所以我们必须广义地定义成功。”由此可知环境和能力是成功的必要因素。C项正确。2.词义题。由第二段第二句For some people, simply being able to live their life with a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success, Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature由前面的“对一些人来说，只要能以最少的痛苦和折磨过自己的生活就算是成功了，想想那些内心平静的可怜的牧羊人吧”可知牧羊人与家人一起在大自然的美景中享受简朴的生活。故C项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success. 另一方面，似乎即使有些人看起来拥有丰富的物质财富，他们中的许多人似乎是悲惨的，当以他们自己的成功目标来判断时，他们认为自己是不成功的。可知富人认为自己不成功是因为从他们自己的目标来衡量时并不够富有。故D项正确。4.判断推理题。由最后一段“The counselor added, “You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort.” 顾问补充说:“你并没有真正失败，也没有破坏你成功的机会，直到你在你真正喜欢的事情上失败了，并为此付出了最大的努力。可知D项正确。ABC三项与原文不符。5.主旨大意题。全文主要第一段讲述了成功的定义，第二段和第三段分别举例说明什么是成功。故A项正确。4. 单选题One of the requirements for a fire is that the material（ ）to its burning temperature.问题1选项A.be heatedB.is heatedC.would be heatedD.to heat【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。该句中有requirement,故从句谓语动词用should +动词原形，should可以省略。故A项符合题意。句意：对火的要求之一是材料应该被加热到使其燃烧的温度。5. 单选题The football club released player Jay John Ezikpe because he did not（ ）them, but added that at the moment they did not intend to sign on any other players.问题1选项A.impactB.impressC.illuminateD.illustrate【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。impact对影响，撞击；impress给深刻印象；illuminate照亮；illustrate阐明，举例说明。由前面的结果“足球俱乐部让Jay退出”可猜测原因是Jay没有给人留下深刻印象。句意：足球俱乐部让Jay退出,因为他没有给他们留下深刻印象，但他补充说目前他们不打算签下任何其他球员。故B项符合题意。6. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow- growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass（the amount of living biological matter）of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50%of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to be business.1. The writer mentions the extinction of large prehistoric animals to suggest that（ ）.2. It can be inferred from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper that（ ）.3. Dr. Worms comment of “these figures are conservative”（Line 1, Paragraph 3）means（ ）.4. Dr. Myers and other researchers maintain that（ ）.5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries（ ）.问题1选项A.large animal were vulnerable to the changing environmentB.small species survived as large animals disappearedC.large sea animals may face the same threat todayD.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones问题2选项A.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the oldB.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%C.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only20% of the original amountD.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago问题3选项A.the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recordedB.the marine biomass has suffered a greater lossC.the data collected so far are out of dateD.fishing technology has improved rapidly问题4选项A.people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation.B.people should look for a baseline that cant work for a longer timeC.fisheries should keep their yield below 50% of the biomassD.the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level问题5选项A.technological applicationB.management efficiencyC.catch-size limitsD.biomass level【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干信息可定位到原文第一段。文章通过讲述史前人类到达新地方时，大型动物会突然灭绝，进而引出讨论的话题，即海洋生物也会在人类来临之后面临灭绝的危险。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。2.推理判断题。根据原文第二段“the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.”可知，一个新的渔场在被开发后的15年中大型捕食类鱼种的生物量平均减少了 80% 。在有些长期捕捞的地区，自那以后，这个数量又减少了一半（剩余20%的一半），因此一共下降了 90% ；故B选项表述正确，其余选项均不能由他们的论文得出。故本题正确答案为B选项。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到原文第三段。沃姆博士承认论文中的数据是保守的，因为现在捕鱼的技术已经提高，已经用上了卫星和声纳定位，这些设备50年前是无法使用的。这就意味着现在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕捞了。以前一些抓不住的海洋生物现在都可以抓住了，以前被鲨鱼抢走的，现在由于鲨鱼都不见了，自然被捕捞的就更多了。由此可知，之前的那些数据已经过时了。故本题正确答案为C选项。4.细节事实题。根据原文最后一段可知，两位博士认为，他们的工作给出了正确的基准线，因为人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化是因为他们只回顾了过去相对较短的一段时间，所以在未来的管理工作中要明确“移动基准线”的意义。因此，本题正确答案为A选项“人们要根据变化情况调整基准线”。5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段可知，当目标鱼种的生物量约为其原始水平的50%时，渔场就可以收获最大的可持续产量。而大多数渔场都远低于这一水平，这是一种糟糕的经营方式。由此可知，作者最关心的是渔场的可持续产量，也就是关心biomass level（生态量）。故本题正确答案为D选项。7. 翻译题My father was a middle-class black. Though he was born poor, he achieved middle-class standing through much hard work and sacrifice（one of his favorite words）and by identifying fully with solid middle-class valuesmainly hard work, family life, property ownership, and education for his children（all four of whom have advanced degrees）. In his mind these were not so much values as laws of nature. People who embodied them made up the positive images in his class identification. The negative images came largely from the blacks he had left behind because they were going nowhere.”Whether I live up to these values or not, I know that my acceptance of them is the result of lifelong conditioning. I know also that I share this conditioning with middle-class people of all races and that I can no more easily be free of it than I can be free of my race. For the middle-class black, conditioned by these values from birth, the sense of meaning they provide is as immutable as the color of his skin.It has always annoyed me to hear from the mouths of certain arbiters of blackness that middle-class blacks should reach back” and pull up those blacks less fortunate than theyas though middle-class status were an unearned and essentially passive condition in which one needed a large measure of noblesse oblige to occupy ones time. My own image is of reaching back from a moving train to lift on board those who have no tickets. This, I think, is something members of the black middle class can realistically offer to other blacks. But they cannot lead by example until they are released from a black identity that regards that example as suspect, that sees them as “marginally” black, indeed that holds them back by catching them in a double bind.【答案】【参考译文】我父亲是一个中产阶级黑人。虽然出身贫寒，但他通过努力工作和牺牲（他最喜欢的词），以及通过充分认同的坚实的中产阶级价值观主要是努力工作、（重视）家庭生活、（拥有）财产所有权以及（注重）孩子的教育（四个孩子都有高等学位），从而实现了中产阶级的地位。在他看来，这些与其说是价值观，不如说是自然法则。那些拥有这些价值观念的人在他的阶级认同中树立了积极的形象。负面形象主要来自于被父亲抛在身后的黑人，因为他们“一事无成”。不管我是否实践了这些价值观，我知道我对它们的接受是终身熏陶的结果。我也知道，我与所有种族的中产阶级都受同样的熏陶，我不能轻易摆脱它，就像我不能轻易摆脱我的种族一样。对于中产阶级黑人来说，从出生起就受到这些价值观的制约，它们所提供的意义就像他的肤色一样不可改变。经常让我恼火的是，总是从某些黑人仲裁者口中听到黑人中产阶级应该“返回去”,并且让那些不如他们幸运的黑人也振作起来。好像中产阶级地位是不劳而获的，并且基本上是被动的条件，在这种条件下一个人需要很大程度上的贵族品德来占用个人的时间。我自己的形象就是从一辆行驶的火车返回，让那些没有车票的人登上火车。我认为，这是黑人中产阶级成员可以实际提供给其他黑人的东西。但是他们无法自身作则，直到他们从黑人身份中解放出来，这种身份把榜样视为可疑分子，把他们视为“勉强”的黑人，事实上，这个身份把他们拖了回来，使他们陷入双重困境。8. 单选题We can distinguish three different realms of matter, three levels on the quantum ladder. The first is the atomic realm, which includes the world of atoms, their interactions, and the structures that are formed by them, such as molecules, liquids and solids, and gases and plasmas. This realm includes all the phenomena of atomic physics, chemistry, and, in a certain sense, biology. The energy exchanges taking place in this realm are of a relatively low order. If these exchanges are below one electron volt, such as in the collisions between molecules of the air in a room, then atoms and molecules can be regarded as elementary particles. That is, they have “conditional elementarity” because they keep their identity and do not change in any collisions or in other processes at these low energy exchanges. If one goes to higher energy exchanges, say 104 electron volts, then atoms and molecules will decompose into nuclei and electrons; at this level, the latter particles must be considered as elementary. We find examples of structures and processes of this first rung of the quantum ladder on Earth, on planets, and on the surfaces of stars.The next rung is the nuclear realm. Here the energy exchanges are much higher, on the order of millions of electron volts. As long as we are dealing with phenomena in the atomic realm, such amounts of energy are unavailable, and most nuclei are inert: they do not change. However, if one applies energies of millions of electron volts, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, and the processes of radioactivity occur; our elementary particles then are protons, neutrons, and electrons. In addition, nuclear processes produce neutrinos, particles that have no detectable mass or charge. In the universe, energies at this level are available in the centers of stars and in star explosions. Indeed, the energy radiated by the stars is produced by nuclear reactions. The natural radioactivity we find on Earth is the long-lived remnant of the time when now-earthly matter was expelled into space by a major stellar explosion.The third rung of the quantum la