2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷41

2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly, little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents （答问卷者） listed “to give children a good start academically” as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented （强调个性发展的），Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary school.Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the childrens chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.1.We learn from the first paragraph that many American believe（ ）.2.Most American surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to（ ）.3.In Japans preschool education, the focus is on（ ）.4.Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to（ ）.5.Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?问题1选项A.Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents.B.Japans economic success is a result or its scientific achievements.C.Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction.D.Japans higher education is superior to theirs.问题2选项A.problem solvingB.group experienceC.parental guidanceD.individuallyoriented development问题3选项A.preparing children academicallyB.developing childrens artistic interestsC.lapping childrens potentialD.shaping childrens character问题4选项A.broaden childrens horizonB.cultivate childrens creativityC.lighten childrens study loadD.enrich childrens knowledge问题5选项A.They can do better in their future studies.B.They can accumulate more group experience there.C.They can be individually oriented when they grow up.D.They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly, little emphasis is put on academic instruction.”，可知日本的学前教育提供的答案并不是美国人所期望的。令人惊讶的是，在大多数日本学前教育中，很少强调学术教育指导。可判断出美国人相信日本的学前教育强调学术指导。相信C符合题意。2.事实细节题。根据文章第二段，“91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented，Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices.”，可知91%的日本受访者认为，让孩子们有团体经历是日本社会让孩子接受学前教育的三大理由之一，62%的美国受访者将团队经历列为他们的三大选择之一。可判断出大多数接受调查的美国人认为学龄前儿童也应该重视团队经验。相信B符合题意。3.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group.”，可知日本的学校不教授阅读、写作和数学等学业知识，而是教授诸如坚持、专注和团队意识等能力。可判断出在日本的学前教育中，关注的重点在于塑造孩子的性格。选项D符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一句，“Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.”，可知一些更先进的项目引入了自由游戏，作为一些日本幼儿园摆脱沉重的课业负担的方法。可判断出日本的学前教育引入了自由玩耍的项目，目的是为了减轻孩子的学习负担。选项C符合题意。5.事实细节题。根据文章最后一段，“Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the childrens chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities.”，可知一些日本父母认为，如果他们的孩子参加一个大学的项目，这将使孩子未来更有可能被一流学校和大学录取。可判断出一些日本父母把孩子送到大学附属的幼儿园，原因在于这能增加他们上一流大学的机会，从而接受最好的教育。选项D符合题意。2. 写作题Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the following topic On Paying back student Loans. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1. 现今，在高校通过助学贷款完成学业的学生越来越多。2. 但是有些学生毕业后没有能力或拒绝按时还贷。3. 你认为贷款的学生应如何对待还贷问题。【答案】略3. 填空题We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which 1 we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing 2 conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to 3 convey a particular message: the English speaker has in his disposal 4 a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to 5 communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of style, to other English speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively and that which he recognizes, increases in 6 size as he grows old, as a result of education and experience.But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, 7 unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a concrete 8 transmission form. We take it for granted the two most common forms of transmission by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs 9 (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 10 among most striking of human achievements.【答案】1.agreeing改为agreed2.words改为these/those words3.in改为at4.enables改为enable5.style改为styles6.old改为older7.seen改为understood8.删除it9.And改为However10.most striking改为the most striking【解析】1.语法题。根据句子结构可知，agreeing作前置定语修饰conventions，agree和conventions之间存在被动关系，所以要用agree的过去分词形式agreed “一致的，同意的”。Agreed conventions “一致的惯例” 。2.语法题。根据上文的a store of words，可知下文再次提及words，应该添加指示代词表特指。又因为words为复数，所以选用指示代词these或者those。3.固定搭配。根据固定搭配at one s disposal “由支配”，所以in his disposal介词搭配错误。4.语法题。根据句子结构，可知which引导的定语从句，先行词为a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules，为复数，所以定语从句中的谓语动词不能用第三人称单数形式。5.语法题。根据a variety of “各种各样的”，用来修饰名词的复数形式。这里要用名词style的复数形式。6.语法题。根据句意，“特别是他的词汇量，无论是经常使用的还是他认识的，随着年龄的增长，由于教育和使用经验，词汇量也会增加”。可知这里的old应该用比较级的形式。7.上下文语义。根据句意“除非他能够运用一种能够被语言社区中的其他成员所理解的表达方式”，所以这里要表达的意思是“理解”，而不是seen “被看到”。8.固定搭配。根据固定搭配take sth. for granted “认为某事是理所当然的”。根据下文提到的the two most common forms of transmission “两种最常见的交流方式”，可知文章要表达的意思是“认为这两种最常见的交流方式是理所当然的”，所以这里的it为多余的代词。9.上下文逻辑关系。上文提到 We take for granted the two most common forms of transmission，“我们认为这两种最常见的交流方式是理所当然的”，下文提到these are among most striking of human achievements, “这是人类最显著的成就之一”。可知前后两句存在转折关系，而不是并列关系。所以并列连词误用，应改为转折连词。10.语法题。文中most striking应该要表达的意思为“最显著的”，为形容词的最高级形式。形容词的最高级前面应该加上定冠词the，为英语的习惯用法和表达。4. 单选题I have said that all branches of knowledge are connected together, because the subject-matter of knowledge is intimately united in itself . Hence it is that the Sciences, into which our knowledge may be said to be cast, have multiple bearings on one another, and an internal sympathy, and admit, or rather demand, comparison and adjustment. They complete, correct, and balance each other. This consideration, if well-founded, must be taken into account, not only as regards the attainment of truth, which is their common end, but as regards the influence which they exercise upon those whose education consists in the study of them. I have already said that to give undue prominence to one is to be unjust to another; to neglect or supersede these is to divert those from their proper objects. It is to unsettle the boundary lines between science and science, to disturb their action, to destroy the harmony which binds them together. Such a proceeding will have corresponding effect when introduced into a place of education. There is no science but tells a different tale, when viewed as a portion of a whole, from what it is likely to suggest when taken by itself, without the safeguard, as I may call it, of others.Let me make use of an illustration. In the combination of colors, very different effect are produced by a difference in their selection and juxtaposition; red, green, and white change their shades, according to the contrast to which they are submitted. And, in like manner, the drift and meaning of a branch of knowledge varies with the company in which it is introduced to the student. If his reading is confined simply to one subject, however such division of labor may favor the advancement of a particular pursuit, a point into which I do not here enter, certainly it has a tendency to contract his mind. If it is incorporated with others, it depends on those others as to the kind of influence that it exerts upon him. Thus the Classics, which in English are the means of refining the taste, have in France sub-served the spread of revolutionary and deistical doctrines. . In a like manner, I suppose, Arcesilas would not have handled logic as Aristotle, nor Aristotle have criticized poets as Plato; yet reasoning and poetry are subject to scientific roles.It is a great point then to enlarge the range of studies which a University professes, even for the sake of the students; and, though they cannot pursue every subject which is open to them, they will be the gainers by living among those and under those who represent the whole circle. This I conceive to be the advantage of a seat of universal learning, considered as a place of education. An assemblage of learned men, zealous for their own sciences, and rivals of each other, are brought, by familiar intercourse and for the sake of intellectual peace, to adjust together the claims and relations of their respective subjects of investigation. They learn to respect, to consult and to aid each other. Thus is created a pure and clear atmosphere of thought, which the student also breathes, though in his own case he only pursues a few sciences out of the multitude. He profits by an intellectual tradition, which is independent of particular teachers, which guides him in his choice of subjects, and duly interprets for him those which he chooses.He apprehends the great outlines of knowledge, the principles on which it rests, the scale of its parts, its lights and its shades, its great points and its little, as he otherwise cannot apprehend them. Hence it is that his education is called “Liberal”. A habit of mind is formed which lasts through life, of which the attributes are, freedom, equitableness, calmness, moderation, and wisdom; or what in a former discourse I have ventured to call a philosophical habit. This then I would assign as the special fruit of the education furnished at a University, as contrasted with other places of teaching or modes of teaching. This is the main purpose of a University in its treatment of its students.1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that（ ）.2.By the Sciences (line 2), the author means（ ）.3.The word “exercise” in line 7 most nearly means（ ）.4.By using the word safeguard in line 13, the author suggests that（ ）.5.The purpose of the second paragraph is to（ ）.6.The word apprehends as used in lines 39 means（ ）.7.Which of the following best describes the authors idea of a liberal education?8.The author believes that a university should（ ）. have faculty representing a wide range of subjects and philosophies. teach students how to see the relationships among ideas. teach students to understand and respect other points of view. teach students liberal rather than conservative ideals问题1选项A.each science should be studied independentlyB.the sciences are interrelatedC.the boundary lines between each of the sciences should be clearerD.it is difficult to attain a proper balance among the sciences问题2选项A.the physical sciences onlyB.educational methodologiesC.the physical and social sciencesD.all branches of knowledge, including the physical and social sciences and the humanities问题3选项A.removeB.competeC.imposeD.arrange问题4选项A.each science has its own specific safety guidelinesB.it is not safe to study the sciencesC.the more one knows, the safer one will feelD.one should choose a second area of specialization as a backup in case the first does not work out问题5选项A.compare and contrast different branches of knowledgeB.develop the idea presented in the previous paragraphC.state the main idea of the passageD.present an alternative point of view问题6选项A.understandsB.capturesC.fearsD.believes问题7选项A.In-depth specialization in one area.B.An emphasis on the arts rather than the sciences.C.Abroad scope of knowledge in several disciplines.D.Training for a scientific career.问题8选项A.I and II onlyB.I, II, and IIIC.I and IVD.IV only【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A第8题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段，“I have said that all branches of knowledge are connected together, because the subject-matter of knowledge is intimately united in itself”，作者认为所有的知识分支都是相互联系的，因为知识的主题本身是紧密相连的。此句为第一段的中心句，可判断出第一段的中心思想为科学知识之间是相互联系的。选项B符合题意。2.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，“Hence it is that the Sciences, into which our knowledge may be said to be cast, have multiple bearings on one another, and an internal sympathy, and admit, or rather demand, comparison and adjustment.”，我们的知识所涉及的各种科学，彼此之间有多重关系，有一种内在承认，要求，比较和调整关系。可判断出这里的sciences指各种科学知识分支，包括自然科学、人文科学和社会科学。选项D符合题意。3.词义题。根据章第一段，“the influence which they exercise upon those whose education consists in the study of them.”，which引导的定语从句修饰先行词influence，构成搭配关系exercise upon the influence “对造成影响”。Remove “移除”；compete “竞争”； impose “强加”；arrange “安排”。选项C符合题意。4.词义题。根据第一段最后一句，“There is no science but tells a different tale, when viewed as a portion of a whole, from what it is likely to suggest when taken by itself, without the safeguard, as I may call it, of others.”，当把每种科学看成整体的一部分时，在其他学科并未采取保护措施的情况下，每一门科学都是不同的。可判断出作者提到的safeguard意思是每种科学都有自己特定的保护措施。选项A符合题意。5.判断推理题。根据文章第二段第一句，“Let me make use of an illustration.”，可知第二段的目的是进行相关的例证，下文主要用大量的例子来证明了第一段的观点科学的知识分支是相互联系的，但是各科学之间有各自的保护措施，使其内容存在差别。可判断出第二段的目的在于发展和继续探讨第一段提出的观点。选项B符合题意。6.词义题。根据文章最后一段，“He apprehends the great outlines of knowledge, the principles on which it rests, the scale of its parts, its lights and its shades, its great points and its little, as he otherwise cannot apprehend them.”，apprehends后接的内容为知识的原则、范围、亮点、重点等，能与知识的这些方面构成一致意思的为apprehends “理解”。 Understands “理解”；captures “捕捉”；fears “恐惧”；believes “相信”。相信A符合题意。7.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段第一二句，“He apprehends the great outlines of knowledge, the principles on which it rests, the scale of its parts, its lights and its shades, its great points and its little, as he otherwise cannot apprehend them. Hence it is that his education is called Liberal.”，他的教育被称为“Liberal”，要理解知识的概要、基础原则、范围、亮点与不足、重点与次重点，否则就不能真正理解知识。可判断出他所谓的“liberal education”必须要对知识有深入的了解，也就是某一领域的专业理解。选项A符合题意。8.细节事实题。根据文章第三段， “It is a great point then to enlarge the range of studies which a University professes, even for the sake of the students; and, though they cannot pursue every subject which is open to them, they will be the gainers by living among those and under those who represent the whole circle.”，至于大学教育，要扩大学生学习和研究的范围，尽管学生们不能追求所有开放的主题，但是却能受到代表某个知识专业领域的人的影响，并且受益。可判断出作者认为大学应该拥有代表广泛学科和哲学领域的教职工。根据下文， “.to adjust together the claims and relations of their respective subjects of investigation. They learn to respect, to consult and to aid each other.”，学生们能够调整他们各自的研究学科之间的关系，并且他们要学会尊重、协商和互相帮助。可判断出作者认为大学应该教学生们去正确看待各种思想之间的关系并且尊重其他人的观点和看法。所以I, II和III都是作者认为一所大学应该具备的要求。选项B符合题意。5. 案例题Complete these sentences below.USE NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Solving the Morris worm was difficult because the repair method was sent（ ）and therefore useless.2. The teenager who hacked into Bell Atlantic would get a maximum prison sentence of（ ）if he committed the same crime now.3. Some hackers are scared that government authorities could now consider them to be（ ）.4. One disadvantage of（ ）is that they can make a company feel protected from attack even though the system is not perfect.【答案】1.via E-mail2.two years3.terrorists4.fire wall【解析】1.根据文章第三段，“However, the fixes were to be distributed via E-mail and so the solution was self-defeating.”，可知修复程序将通过电子邮件分发，因此解决方案是弄巧成拙的。2.根据文章第五段，“In 1997, a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic networkAnd what was the punishment for this offence? Two years probation community service and a fine of $US 5,000.”，可知入侵贝尔大西洋的少年如果现在再犯同样的罪行，他将面临2年的监禁。3.根据文章第六段，“This has pushed some hackers further underground, fearful that what they had previously been doing out of boredom or challenge could now be viewed as an act of terrorism.”，可知这将一些黑客推向了更深的深渊，他们担心以前无论是出于无聊或挑战而做的事情，现在可能被视为恐怖主义行为。可判断出他们担心政府把他们视为恐怖分子。4.根据文章倒数第二段，“It is true that these firewalls have a number of advantages, nevertheless, they should not be seen as a panacea to all IS security woes, merely an enhancement.”，可知这些防火墙有许多优点，但它们不应被视为解决所有安全问题的万能药，而仅仅是一种增强。可判断出防火墙的缺陷之一是：尽管系统不完善，公司也会感觉到被保护而免遭侵害。6. 单选题Problems and discouragements will face the leader, but he can overcome them with staying power. It seems as if many of the worlds famous people faced some of the greatest difficulties and discouragements in carrying out their visions.Christopher Columbus, for instance, concluded from the information he acquired from travels and from studying charts and maps, that the earth was round and that he could reach Asia by sailing west. But he needed a patron to finance such an expedition. He first tries John II, King of Portugal, without success, and then, the Count of Medina Celi in Spain. The Count encouraged Columbus for two years, but never actually provided him with the money and supplies he needed. Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile in Spain, were then contacted. A review of Columbus plans by a committee appointed by the queen resulted in the conclusion that his ideas were vain and impractical. But they kept talking.After a better part of decade of trying to find a patron, Columbus was in despair, but he didnt stop. He had staying power. He believed in his mission, but he held out for high terms from Ferdinand and Isabella. He asked that the rank of admiral be bestowed on him right away and that he be made viceroy of all that he should discover. In addition, he would receive one-tenth of all the precious metals discovered within his admiralty. His conditions were rejected and negotiations were again interrupted. Columbus left for France. However, the queen had a change of mind and sent for him. In April, 1492, Ferdinand