2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷44

2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题A recent survey shows that, while ninety-four percent of companies conducting management-train-ing programs open them to women，women are（ ）only seventy-four percent of those pro-grams.问题1选项A.protesting againstB.participating inC.displeased byD.allowed in【答案】B【解析】短语辨析。句意：最近的调查显示，尽管有94%的公司向妇女开放管理培训课程，妇女在这项目中也只有74%的 （ ） 。protesting against 抗议；participating in 参与；displeased by 不开心；allowed in被允许。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题Parents often faced the（ ）between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.junctionB.paradoxC.premiseD.dilemma【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意：父母经常面临这样的 ：是做自己认为对孩子发展有利的事情还是坐视孩子毫无纪律的吵闹和破坏。junction接合点，会合点；paradox悖论，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假设；dilemma困境，进退两难。空格后有“between.and.”，因此这里说的是父母在教育孩子时陷入进退两难的境况，D项dilemma符合句意。3. 单选题He is the author of this novel with high（ ）in the country.问题1选项A.coherenceB.prestigeC.consequenceD.commitment【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：他是这本小说的作者，在这个国家有很高的（ ） 。coherence统一，连贯性；prestige声望，名望；consequence结果，推论，重要性；commitment承诺，委托。因此，B项符合句意。4. 单选题Some practical is （ ） desirable for candidates interested in applying for this job.问题1选项A.exploitB.adventureC.initiativeD.experience【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意：对于有兴趣申请这份工作的候选人来说，一些实用 是可取的。exploit 功绩，功勋；adventure 冒险；initiative 主动权，首创精神；experience 经验。因此，D项符合句意。5. 单选题The original elections were declared（ ）by the former military ruler.问题1选项A.voidB.vulgarC.surplusD.extravagant【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意：最初的选举由前军事统治者宣布 。Void 无效的；vulgar 庸俗的；surplus多余的；extravagant 奢侈的。因此，A项void符合句意。6. 单选题The language barrier made communication difficult, but finally，part of my mes-sage（ ）.问题1选项A.passed awayB.went overC.came upD.got through【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。passed away去世；went over重温，仔细检查；came up发生，接近；got through使理解，向讲清楚。句意：语言障碍使沟通很困难，但我的一部分想法最终还是被（ ）了。因此D选项符合句意。7. 翻译题Throughout history new technologies have revolutionized warfare, sometimes abruptly, sometimes only gradually: think of gunpowder, aircraft, radar and nuclear fission. So it has been with informa-tion technology. Computers and the internet have transformed economies and given Western armies great advantages, such as the ability to send remotely piloted aircraft across the world to gather intelli-gence and attack targets. (1). But the spread of digital technology comes at a cost: it exposes armies and societies to digital attack. Some scenarios (电影)imagine the almost instantaneous failure of the systems that keep themodernworld turning. As computer networks collapse, factories and chemical plants explode, satellites spin out of control and the financial and power grids fail. Cyberspace has become the fifth domain of warfare, after land, sea, air and space.The cyber attacks on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008 (the latter strangely happened to coincide with the advance of Russian troops across the Caucasus) are widely assumed to have been di-rected by the Kremlin (克里姆林宫),but they could be traced only to Russian cyber-criminals. Many of the computers used in the attack belonged to innocent Americans whose PCs had been hi-jacked. Companies suspect China of organizing mini-raids to ransack Western know-how: but it could just have easily been Western criminals, computer-hackers showing off or disillusioned former employ-ees. (2). One reason why Western governments have until recently been reticent about cyber-espio-nage （间谍）is surely because they are dab hands at it, too.Cyber-weapons are being developed secretly, without discussion of how and when they might be used.（3）. If cyber arms-control is to Americas advantage，it would be wise to shade such accords （协议）while it still has the upper hand in cyberspace. In the meantime，however, countries should agree on modest accords, or even just informal “rules of the road” that would raise the political cost of cy-ber-attacks. Perhaps there could be a deal to prevent the crude “ denial-of-service ” assaults that brought down Estonian and Georgian websites with a mass of bogus （伪造的）requests for informa-tion ；NATO and the European Union could make it clear that attacks in cyberspace, as in the real world, will provoke a response: the UN or signatories of the Geneva Conventions could declare that cyber-attacks on civilian facilities are, like physical attacks with bomb and bullet, out of bounds in war； rich countries could exert economic pressure on states that do not adopt measures to fight online criminals. Countries should be encouraged to spell out their military policies in cyberspace, as Ameri-ca does for nuclear weapons, missile defense and space. （4）. And there could be an international cen-tre to monitor cyber-attacks, or an international duty to assist countries under cyber-attacks, regard-less of the nationality or motive of the attacker akin to the duty of ships to help mariners （水手）in distress.The internet is not a “commons” ,but a network of networks that are mostly privately owned. A lot could also be achieved by greater co-operation between governments and the private sector.（5） But in the end more of the burden for ensuring that ordinary peoples computer systems are not co-opted by criminals or cyber-warriors will end up with the latter especially the internet-service providers that run the network. They could take more responsibility for identifying infected computers and spotting attacks as they happen.【答案】1. 但是数字技术的传播是有代价的：它使军队和社会面临数字攻击。一些电影想象出了维持现代社会运转的各个系统几乎瞬时崩溃的场景。2. 西方政府直到最近都对网络间谍活动保持沉默，原因之一是他们自己也是内行。3. 如果网络军备控制对美国有利，那么在它在网络空间仍占上风时指定这样的协议是明智的。4. 还应建立国际中心以监控网络攻击，或者承担救援遭遇网络袭击的国家的国际责任，不管攻击者的国籍或动机如何，就像船舶有援助遇险的水手的责任一样。5.但最终，确保普通人的电脑系统不被犯罪分子和网络战士占为己有的重任将更多地落到后者身上尤其是运营网络服务的提供商。8. 单选题As one of the youngest professors in the university，Miss King is certainly on the（ ）of a brilliant career.问题1选项A.edgeB.porchC.thresholdD.course【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一，金女士当然是站在事业辉煌的 。edge边缘，优势；porch走廊，门槛；threshold门槛，入口；course路线，航线。因此，C项threshold符合句意。9. 单选题More than two hundred years ago the United States （ ）from the British Empire and became all independent country.问题1选项A.got offB.pulled downC.broke awayD.drop off【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：200多年以前，美国从大英帝国中 出来，成为完全独立的国家。get off 下来；pull down 推翻；break away 脱离；drop off 减少。因此，C项符合句意。10. 单选题They had a fierce（ ）as to whether their company should restore the trade relationshipwhich was broken years ago.问题1选项A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.contest【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：关于公司是否应该恢复数年前破裂的贸易关系，他们进行了一场激烈的 。debate讨论，辩论；clash 争论；disagreement 分歧；contest 竞争。因此，A项符合句意。11. 单选题This restaurant is frequently（ ）by tourists because of its famous cooking.问题1选项A.patronizedB.servicedC.attendedD.utilized【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：旅客经常 这家餐馆，因为这里的烹饪很有名。patronized 光顾；serviced 为服务；attended 参加，出席；utilized 利用。故选A。12. 单选题All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olympic games had a unique Australian flavor, （ ）of their multicultural communities.问题1选项A.noticeableB.indicativeC.conspicuousD.implicit【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。noticeable明显的；indicative表示的，象征的；conspicuous明显的，惹人注目的；implicit不言明的，含蓄的，无疑问的。句意：2000年奥运会所有的仪式都带有一种独特的澳大利亚风情， （ ） 他们是多元文化的社会。B选项indicative在此符合句意,意为 “表明他们是多元文化的社会”。13. 单选题Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an （1 ）should be made even before choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, （2 ），most people make several job choices during their working lives, （3 ）because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve （4 ）position. The “one perfect job” does not exist. Youngpeople should （5 ） enter into a broad flexible training program that will （6 ） them for a field of work rather than for a single （7 ）Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans （8 ） benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing （9 ） about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss （10 ）. Some drift from job to job.Others （11 ） to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted.One common mistake is choosing an occupation for （12 ） real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students or their parents for them choose the professional field, （13 ） both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal （14 ） The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a “white-collar” job is （15 ） good reason for choosing it as lifes work. （16 ），these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the （17 ）of young people should give serious （18 ）to these fields.Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants （19 ） life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some want security; others are willing to take （20 ） for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards问题1选项A.identificationB.entertainmentC.accommodationD.occupation问题2选项A.howeverB.thereforeC.thoughD.thereby问题3选项A.entirelyB.mainlyC.partlyD.especially问题4选项A.itsB.hisC.ourD.their问题5选项A.sinceB.thereforeC.furthermoreD.forever问题6选项A.makeB.fitC.takeD.leave问题7选项A.jobB.wayC.meansD.company问题8选项A.toB.forC.withoutD.with问题9选项A.littleB.fewC.muchD.a lot问题10选项A.chanceB.basisC.purposeD.opportunity问题11选项A.applyB.appealC.stickD.turn问题12选项A.ourB.itsC.yourD.their问题13选项A.concerningB.followingC.consideringD.disregarding问题14选项A.preferencesB.requirementsC.tendenciesD.ambitions问题15选项A.aB.anyC.noD.the问题16选项A.ThereforeB.HoweverC.NeverthelessD.Moreover问题17选项A.majorityB.massC.minorityD.multitude问题18选项A.proposalB.suggestionC.considerationD.appraisal问题19选项A.towardsB.againstC.out ofD.without问题20选项A.turnsB.partsC.choicesD.risks【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:C第12题:B第13题:D第14题:B第15题:C第16题:D第17题:A第18题:C第19题:C第20题:D【解析】1.此处句意为：职业的选择应该先于高中课程的选择。因此，D项occupation符合句意。2.空前空后句意为：职业的选择应该先于高中课程的选择，实际上，大多数人在职业生涯中都会做出多种工作选择。因此前后两句为转折关系。表转折关系的只有A、C项，但是C项though后面直接跟句子，不能有逗号，因此A项正确。3.这里是由and连接的两个原因“because of. changes”和“partly to improve. ”。And前后连接的原因部分结构或者逻辑上应对称。因此，C项partly正确。4.此处句意为：一部分是因为经济和工业的变化，另一部分是为了升职。因此，D项their（他们的）正确。5.句意：不存在一份完美的工作。年轻人应该参加丰富多彩的培训项目。前后为因果承接关系。因此，B项therefore正确。6.句意：这些培训项目将训练他们适应某领域的工作，B项fit与后面的for是固定搭配，表示“适应、胜任（工作等）”，故B项正确。7.rather than“而不是”，表转折，前面提到a field of work，所以推测这里是a single job, 因此A项正确。8.句子开头为Unfortunately，因此推测此处句意应为：许多年轻人没有得到帮助而不得不做出职业选择，因此C项正确。9.句子后面出现了hit-or-miss（随意的；漫不经心的），因此推测前面句意为：他们对职场了解不深，此处应填一个表示“很少”的词，C、D项排除。因此，A项正确。10.句意：他们随意地选择毕生的事业。on a .basis表示“基于的原则”。11.句意：有些人频繁跳槽，而另一些人则 自己不喜欢且不适合的工作。apply to适用于，申请；appeal to呼吁，诉诸；stick to坚持；turn to转向。因此，C项符合句意。12.句意：人们在选择职业时常犯的一个错误是，根据该职业实际情况或想象中的职业声望进行选择。因此，B项its正确，指代“occupations”。13.前面指出了人们在选择职业时常犯的一个错误，接下来这句则具体说明这个错误：忽视了职业中相对较少的工人比例和极高的教育和个人要求。因此，D项正确。14.句意：许多高中生或他们的父母在选择职业时忽视了教育水平程度和对自身的要求。preference偏爱，优先权；requirement要求；tendency倾向，趋势；ambitions雄心，抱负。因此，B项正确。15.前面提到人们根据职业的实际情况或想象职业声望，进行职业选择是错误的，所以，可以推测这里的句意为：“白领”工作的想象中的或真实的声望，并不是选择它作为生活工作的好理由。因此C项正确。16.句意：“白领”工作的想象中的或真实的声望，并不是选择它作为生活工作的好理由。 ，这些职业往往工资不高。因此前后两句呈递进关系，D项正确。17.句意：大部分工作都是机械或体力劳动，大多数年轻人应。majority多数；mass大量的；minority少数；multitude群众，多数的。虽然D项multitude也表示“多数的”,但一般用“a multitude of”。因此，A项正确。18.此处为固定搭配：give serious consideration to慎重考虑。19.句意：在做出职业选择之前，一个人应该大体清楚他想要从生活中获得什么。C项out of正确。20.句意：一些人想要安稳，而另一些人则愿意承受风险以获取更大的收益。此处为固定搭配：take risks for 为冒险。14. 单选题The plan for the new office tower went ahead（ ）of local opposition.问题1选项A.on accountB.in the lightC.outD.regardless【答案】D【解析】句意：新建办公楼的计划已经提前启动， 当地居民的反对。on account 因为；in the light 因为，依据；out 出于；regardless 不管。根据后半句，当地居民反对，还是提前启动了计划，因此选D。15. 单选题The local government has （ ） the landowners to fish these waters.问题1选项A.transformedB.ransferredC.licensedD.allocated【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意：当地政府已经 （ ） 地主在河里钓鱼。transformed 转变；transferred 移动、转移；licensed 许可；allocated 分配。故选C。16. 单选题We are writing to the manager（ ）the repairs recently carried out at the above address.问题1选项A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with reference toD.with a view to【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：我们正在给经理写信， 近期在上述地址开展的维修工作。with the exception of 除以外；with the purpose of 目的是；with reference to 关于；with a view to 为了。因此，C项符合句意。17. 单选题The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it（ ）into fragments.问题1选项A.broke awayB.broke offC.broke upD.broke through【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：木头腐烂成那样了，我们拉它的时候，它就 片了。broke away脱离，放弃，裂开；broke off折断，突然停止；broke up分手，破碎；broke through 突破。后半句有一个“fragments（碎片）”,C项符合句意。虽然A项break away也可表示“弄碎”的意思，但后面一般不与“into（sth.）”连用。18. 单选题Mr. Smith became very（ ）when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：当史密斯先生被暗示犯了一个错误时，他变得非常（ ） 。ingenious灵敏的，聪明的；empirical以事实为依据的；objective客观的；indignant愤怒的。故选D。19. 单选题Beth worked hard to（ ）in with the locals during her visit.问题1选项A.encounterB.blendC.mergeD.adapt【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：贝丝在她的访问期间努力地（ ）当地人中。encounter遭遇，邂逅，遇到；blend混合，协调，融入；merge合并，使合并，吞，没；adapt适应，改变。选项B blend in with为固定搭配，表示“融入，融合”，符合句意。 20. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the （ ） from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transitionB.transmissionC.transformationD.transfer【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。transition转变，过渡，变迁；transmission传播；transformation变化，转换；transfer转移。句意是：我很喜欢四季的交替，但我最喜欢秋到冬的 （ ） 。因此，A选项transition符合句意。