2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷81

2022年考博英语-东北财经大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Fewer and fewer of todays workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, _ the same company.问题1选项A.all elseB.much worseC.let aloneD.less likely【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. all else 其他所有 B. much worse 更糟糕的是C. let alone 更不必说 D. less likely 更不可能【答案】C【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】前文提到“如今越来越少的工人想在同一个领域（in the same field）度过他们的工作生涯”，后文内容为“同一家公司（the same company）”，根据前后语义可知，从“同一个领域”到“同一家公司”，工人们不愿意的程度是增加的，空格前后为程度增加的两个名词短语，C选项let alone“更不必说”，相当于一个连词，符合原文语境。【干扰项排除】A选项all else“其他所有”，不符合原文语义衔接；B选项much worse“更糟糕的是”，不符合原文语义衔接；D选项less likely“更不可能”，形容词或副词短语，不单独并列两个名词短语。【句意】如今越来越少的工人想一直在同一个领域工作，更不用说同一家公司了。2. 翻译题While banks try to avoid drowning in troubled assetsbad loansborrowers and lenders alike are questioning how bank got into the current financial mess. Many observers blame subprime mortgage lending. Unlike prime mortgage subprime loans are made to high-risk borrowersthose with bad credit histories, excessive debt, inadequate income or other indicators that they will not repay the lender. In return for riskier loans, borrowers pay higher interest rates. 1. As the housing market tumbled, delinquencies skyrocketed on millions of subprime loans. Whereas about 6 percent of mortgage were uncollectable from 2000 to 2005, thereafter delinquencies increased nearing 30 percent by 2008. Lenders extended too much credit to weak borrowers.Reports indicate that the subprime crisis can be traced to overly relaxed credit standards. One study found that many loan applications listed fraudulent information. Some borrowers, taking advantage of lax lending practices to live beyond their means, lied about their income and assets in order to secure loans. 2. Other misinformation can be attributed to mortgage brokers eager to get otherwise unqualified borrowers approved for loans. Some lenders went so far as to have a relative pose as a borrowers fake employer and falsity W-2 forms to gain approval. 3. These problems were compounded further by those within the banking and finance system who knew that rampant fraud was occurring but looked the other way, as long as profits kept rolling in.4. Now stuck with uncollectable loans, unsellable foreclosed properties and big financial losses, the industry is tightening credit standards and lending practices. Federal bank examiners, for example, are insisting that loan officers use greater caution and judgment to identify credit-worthy borrowers and avoid weak loans. Lenders are switching to independent real estate appraisers who have no direct contact with loan officers, to get accurate rather than inflated property appraisals. 5. Along with eliminating loans with zero or very low down payments, home equity lending is shrinking as home values continue to fall. Lenders are also reducing credit card limit. With a dire lesson learned, it appears that tighter standards are here for the foreseeable future.【答案】1. 随着房地产市场的暴跌，数百万次级贷款的拖欠率飙升。从2000年到2005年，约有6%的抵押贷款无法收回，而此后到2008年，拖欠率上升了近30个百分点。2. 其他的虚假信息可以归因于抵押贷款经纪人急于让不合格的借款人获得贷款。一些贷款机构，甚至让亲戚冒充借款人的假雇主并提供虚假的报税表格，以获得贷款批准。3. 银行和金融系统内部的人知道存在着猖獗的欺诈行为，但只要利润源源不断地涌入，他们就视而不见，而这进一步加剧了这些问题。4. 现在，由于无法收回的贷款、无法出售的止赎房产和巨大的金融损失，银行业正在收紧信贷标准和放贷操作。5. 随着零首付或极低首付贷款的取消，房屋净值贷款随着房屋价值的继续下跌而萎缩。3. 写作题There are a lot of choices you have to make in your life and some events or changes that have occurred because of them. In the following you are requested to write a composition about one of the choices you have made. Describe how your life changed because of the choice and then describe how it might have been or might be if you have done things differently. Your essay should be about 400 words. The suggested title is A Turning Point in My Life.In the first part of your writing you should state clearly your main idea, and in the second part you should support the main idea with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.【答案】【略】4. 单选题Since you are so weak, you should take every _ precaution against catching cold.问题1选项A.criticalB.comparableC.distinctD.conceivable【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. critical 关键的 B. comparable 可比较的C. distinct 明显的；确切的 D. conceivable 可想象的；可信的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析与语义衔接【解题思路】原句语义为“既然你这么虚弱，你应该采取一切_的预防措施以防感冒。”由此可知，病人非常虚弱，应该采取一切可能的措施预防感冒，D选项conceivable“可想象的；可信的”最符合原句语义衔接。【干扰项排除】A选项critical“关键的”，“采取每一个关键的预防措施”没有“采取每一个可能的预防措施”符合原句语境；B选项comparable“可比较的”，不符合原句语义衔接；C选项distinct“明显的；确切的”，不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】既然你这么虚弱，你应该采取一切可能的预防措施以防感冒。5. 单选题When American Astronaut Glen returned to the earth and hearty welcome _ him, he was considered to be a national hero.问题1选项A.waited forB.anticipatedC.expectedD.awaited【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. waited for 等候 B. anticipated 预料C. expected 期待 D. awaited 等候；将发生在某人身上【答案】D【考查点】近义词辨析与主谓搭配【解题思路】空格处所填词的主语为“热忱的欢迎”，前文提到“美国宇航员Glen回到地球”，由此可知，该句表达的是Glen回到地球会受到热烈的欢迎。D选项awaited“等候；将发生在某人身上”常与主语welcome搭配使用，hearty welcome awaited him表示热烈的欢迎发生在他身上，即他受到热烈的欢迎。因此，本题最佳答案为D选项。【干扰项排除】A选项waited for“等候”，其主语通常是人，hearty welcome常与await搭配使用；B选项anticipated“预料”，不符合原句语义衔接；C选项expected“期待”，不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】当美国宇航员Glen返回地球并受到热烈欢迎时，他被认为是民族英雄。6. 单选题Both children seemed to be doing everything they could to _ me, when I was already in a bad mood before getting home.问题1选项A.agitateB.aggregateC.aggravateD.alleviate【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. agitate 鼓动；使焦虑不安 B. aggregate 总计C. aggravate （故意）激怒；惹恼 D. alleviate 减轻【答案】C【考查点】语义衔接与形近词辨析【解题思路】空格所在部分语义为“两个孩子似乎都在尽他们所能地_我”，根据后文“回家之前我就已经心情不好了”推测，两个孩子的行为让我心情更加不好了，C选项“（故意）激怒；惹恼”与原句语义衔接最紧密。【干扰项排除】A选项agitate“鼓动；使焦虑不安”，“使焦虑”没有“使恼火”符合原句语义；B选项aggregate“总计”，为aggravate的形近词，但不符合原句语义衔接；D选项alleviate“减轻”，为aggravate的形近词，但不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】两个孩子似乎都在千方百计地使我恼火，而我在回家之前就已经心情不好了。7. 单选题They decided to _ their differences in pursuit of a common goal.问题1选项A.submitB.surrenderC.substituteD.submerge【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. submit 屈从 B. surrender 投降C. substitute 替代 D. submerge 湮灭【答案】D【考查点】语义衔接与动词辨析【解题思路】空格处所在部分语义为“_他们的差异”，由此可知，该动词为及物动词，直接带宾语“他们的差异”；根据后文“为了追求一个共同的目标”可知，他们应该是放弃了、搁置了或消除了差异，以追求共同的目标。综上所述，D选项submerge“湮灭”最符合题意，submerge their differences“消除他们的差异”。【干扰项排除】A选项submit“屈从”，常搭配介词to，原句中没有介词，侧重于指向屈服，不得已接受；B选项surrender“投降”，常搭配介词to，原句中没有介词，侧重于指投降或被迫放弃；C选项substitute“替代”，不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】他们决定消除分歧以追求一个共同的目标。8. 单选题Why does a vegetarian restaurant make its dishes resemble meat in everyone except _?问题1选项A.ingredientsB.elementsC.componentsD.compounds【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. ingredients （烹饪的）原料 B. elements 要素C. components 组成部分 D. compounds 混合物【答案】A【考查点】近义词辨析【解题思路】原句语义为“为什么素食餐厅除了_以外，所有的菜都像肉？”根据各选项的意思推测，这句话指的是素食餐厅的菜除了原料都像肉，A选项ingredients“（烹饪的）原料”最符合原句语义衔接。【干扰项排除】B选项elements“要素”，侧重于指某物的必要部分或基础部分；C选项components“组成部分”，泛指某物的组成部分；D选项compounds“混合物”，指由两种或两种以上元素组成的物质。【句意】为什么素食餐厅除了原料以外，所有的菜都像肉？9. 单选题It was recommended that they _ for the doctor.问题1选项A.waitB.would waitC.waitedD.should have waited【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. wait 等待 B. would wait 等待C. waited 等待 D. should have waited 等待【答案】A【考查点】虚拟语气【解题思路】本题考查的是虚拟语气的使用情况之一：表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句通常使用虚拟语气，其形式为should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。本题为表示建议的主语从句，空格处所填的内容为从句的谓语，因此需要使用“（should）+动词原形”，A选项wait“等待”符合要求。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合该虚拟语气的结构要求。【句意】有人建议他们等医生。10. 单选题The love of poetry was _ in him by her reaching.问题1选项A.banishedB.kindledC.hardenedD.smashed【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. banished 放逐；驱除 B. kindled 激起（兴趣、情感等）C. hardened 硬化；更严厉 D. smashed 打碎；猛烈碰撞【答案】B【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】前文内容为“对诗歌的热爱”，后文内容为“她的到达”，空格处所填动词搭配的内容为“对诗歌的热爱”，B选项kindled“激起（兴趣、情感等）”与原句语义衔接最恰当。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】她的到达激起了他对诗歌的热爱。11. 单选题Every Community requires a wholesome dependable supply of water, and every community generates liquid and solid wastes.问题1选项A.considerableB.healthfulC.immediateD.safe【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. considerable 相当多（或大、重要等）的 B. healthful 有益健康的C. immediate 立即的 D. safe 安全的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析【解题思路】原句语义为“每个社区都需要_可靠的水供应”，原词wholesome“有益健康的”，B选项healthful“有益健康的”最符合原句语义。【干扰项排除】A选项considerable“相当多（或大、重要等）的”，不符合原句语义；C选项immediate“立即的”，不符合原句语义；D选项safe“安全的”，指不危害健康的，没有B选项符合原文。【句意】每个社区都需要健康可靠的水供应，每个社区都产生液体废物和固体废物。12. 单选题What, can rigid, cold calculating mathematics possibly have in common with subtle, creative, lofty, imaginative art? This question faithfully mirrors the state of mind of most people, even of most educated people, when they regard the numbers and symbols that populate the world of mathematics. But the great leaders of mathematics thought have frequently and repeatedly asserted that the object of their pursuit is just as much an art as it is a science, and perhaps even fine art. Maxime Bocher, eminent mathematician living at the beginning of last century, wrote, “I like to look at mathematics almost more as an art than as a science; for the activity of the mathematician, constantly creating as he is, guided although not controlled by the external world of the senses, bears a resemblance, not fanciful, I believe, but real, to the activities of the artistof a painter, let us say. Rigorous deductive reasoning on the part of the mathematician may be likened here to the technical skill in drawing on the part of the painter. Just as one cannot become a painter without a certain amount of skill, so no one can become a mathematician without the power to reason accurately up to a certain point.“Yet these qualities, fundamental though they are, do not make a painter or a mathematician worthy of the name, nor indeed are they the most important factors in the case. Other qualities of a far more subtle sort, chief among which in both cases is imagination, go into the making of a good artist or a good mathematician.”If mathematics wants to lay claim to being an art, however, it must show that it possesses and makes use of at least some of the elements that go to make up the things of beauty. Is not imagination, creative imagination, the most essential element of an art? Let us take a geometric object, such as the circle. To the ordinary man, this is the rim of a wheel, perhaps with spokes in it. Elementary geometry has crowded this simple figure with radii (半径), chords, sectors, tangents (切线), diameters, inscribed and circumscribed polygons, and so on.Here you have already an entire geometrical world created from a very rudimentary beginning. These and other miracles are undeniable proof of the creative power of the mathematician; and, as if this were not enough, the mathematician allows the whole circle to “vanish”, declares it to be imaginary, then keeps on toying with his new creation in much the same way and with much the same gusto (爱好，兴趣) as he did with the innocent little thing you allowed him to start out with. And all this, remember please, is just elementary plane geometry. Truly, the creative imagination displayed by the mathematician has nowhere been exceeded, nor even paralleled, and I would make bold to say, not even closely approached anywhere else.In many ways mathematics exhibits the same elements of beauty that are generally acknowledged to be the essence of poetry. First, let us consider a minor point: the poet arranges his writings on the page in verse. His poem first appeals to the eye before it reaches the ear or the mind; and similarly, the mathematician lines up his formulas and equations so that their form may make an aesthetic impression. Some mathematicians are given to this love of arranging and exhibiting their equations to a degree that borders on a fault. Trigonometry, a branch of elementary mathematics particularly rich in formulas, offers some curious groups of them, curious in their symmetry and their arrangement.The superiority of poetry over other forms of verbal expression lies first in the symbolism used in poetry, and secondly in its extreme condensation and economy of words. Take a poem of universally acknowledged merit, say Shelleys poem “To Night”. Here is the second stanza: Wrap thy form in a mantle gray, star-in wrought! Blind with thine heir the eyes of Day; Kiss her until she be wearied out; Then wander our city, and sea, and land; touching all with thine opiate wandCome, long-sought!Taken literally, all this is, of course, sheer nonsense and nothing else. Night has no hair, night does not wear any clothes, and night is not an illicit peddler or narcotics. But is there anybody balmy enough to take the words of the poet literally? The words here are only comparisons, only symbols. For the sake of condensation the poet doesnt bother stating that his symbols mean such and such, but goes on to treat them as if they were realities.The mathematician does these things precisely as the poet does. Take numbers, for example, the very idea of which is an abstraction, or symbol. When you write the figure 3, you have created a symbol for a symbol, and when you say in algebra that a is a number, you have condensed all the symbols for all the numbers into one all-embracing symbol. These, like other mathematical symbols, and like the poets symbols, are a condensed, concentrated way of stating a long and rather complicated chain of simple geometrical, algebraic, or numerical relations.1. The similarity between the activities of mathematicians and those of artists is _.2. In the writers opinion, what is the most fundamental element that makes a good artist or mathematician?3. In what way do mathematicians exhibit the same elements of beauty as poet?4. Poetry is superior to other forms of expression for its _.5. Just like poets, mathematicians may use _.问题1选项A.both are controlled by the external worldB.both resemble the senses of the worldC.both are not fanciful but realD.both involve constant creating问题2选项A.Numerical skills.B.Creation.C.Imagination.D.Sense of beauty.问题3选项A.Mathematicians, love to arrange their formulas and equations so that they take a beautiful form.B.Mathematicians would like to spare no effort to make their proofs elegant.C.Mathematicians seldom arrange their formulas and equations in symmetry.D.Mathematicians like to arrange their formulas in verse.问题4选项A.unusual dictionB.imaginative expressionC.symbolism, condensation and economy of wordsD.condensation and imaginative diction问题5选项A.numbers to signify beautyB.symbols for the sake of comparisonC.poems as a kind of symbolsD.symbols for the sake of condensation and concentration【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The similarity between the activities of mathematicians and those of artists is _. 数学家的活动和艺术家的活动之间的相似之处是_。A. both are controlled by the external world A. 两者都受外部世界的控制B. both resemble the senses of the world B. 两者都类似于世界的感觉C. both are not fanciful but real C. 两者都不是幻想的，而是真实的D. both involve constant creating D. 两者都涉及到不断创造【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词similarity和the activities of mathematicians and those of artists定位到原文第1段第4句，后半句提到“数学家的活动（the activity of the mathematician），虽然不受外部感官世界的控制，却需要不断地创造（constantly creating），这与艺术家的活动（to the activities of the artist），比如说画家的活动，有相似之处（bears a resemblance），我相信这不是幻想的，而是真实的。”由此可知，数学家的活动和艺术家的活动之间的相似之处在于两者都需要不断创造。因此，D选项“两者都涉及到不断创造”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“两者都受外部世界的控制”，原文提到数学家的活动“不受外部感官世界的控制（not controlled by the external world of the senses）”，该选项表述错误；B选项“两者都类似于世界的感觉”，原文只提到了“外部感官世界（the external world of the senses）”，并没有提到所谓“世界的感觉（the senses of the world）”，该选项属于偷换概念；C选项“两者都不是幻想的，而是真实的”，原文作者是说数学家与艺术家之间的相似性不是幻想的而是真实的，并不是说数学家和艺术家的活动，该选项属于曲解原文。第2题:【选项释义】In the writers opinion, what is the most fundamental element that makes a good artist or mathematician? 在作者看来，成为一名优秀的艺术家或数学家最重要的要素是什么？A. Numerical skills. A. 数学技巧。B. Creation. B. 创造力。C. Imagination. C. 想象力。D. Sense of beauty. D. 美感。【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词makes a good artist or mathematician定位到原文第2段。本段最后一句提到“还有一些更微妙的品质，其中最主要的就是想象力（chief among which in both cases is imagination），这些品质有助于成为优秀的艺术家或数学家（the making of a good artist or a good mathematician）。”由此可知，作者认为成为一名优秀的艺术家或画家，最重要的是C选项“想象力”。【干扰项排除】A选项“数学技巧”，可定位到原文第2段第1句，该句提到“然而，这些品质，尽管是最基本的，却不能使一个画家或数学家名符其实，它们也不是最重要的因素。”由此可知，上一段提到的品质，如一些技巧（a certain amount of skill）和精确的推理能力（the power to reason accurately up to a certain point），并不能使他们被称之为好的艺术家或数学家。该选项属于曲解原文；B选项“创造力”，原文并未提及；D选项“美感”，原文并未提及。第3题:【选项释义】In what way do mathematicians exhibit the same elements of beauty as poet? 数学家是怎样和诗人一样展现美的？A. Mathematicians, love to arrange their formulas and equations so that they take a beautiful form. A. 数学家们喜欢把他们的公式和方程式排列成一种美丽的形式。B. Mathematicians would like to spare no effort to make their proofs elegant. B. 数学家们愿意不遗余力地使他们的证明变得优雅。C. Mathematicians seldom arrange their formulas and equations in symmetry. C. 数学家很少把公式和方程式安排得对称。D. Mathematicians like to arrange their formulas in verse. D. 数学家喜欢把公式写成韵文。【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词exhibit the same elements of beauty定位到原文第5段第一句，该句提到“在许多方面，数学展现出的美与一般公认的诗歌的本质相同（exhibits the same elements of beauty）。”第2句后半句提到“诗人把他的作品按韵文排列在书页上”，第3句提到“他的诗在进入耳朵或思想之前，首先是视觉的（appeals to the eye）”；紧接着提到“类似地（similarly），数学家排列他的公式和方程式（lines up his formulas and equations），以便它们的形式可以产生美学印象（so that their form may make an aesthetic impression）。”由此可知，诗人把他的作品按韵文排列在书页上，产生视觉上的美感，而数学家也通过排列公式和方程式产生同样的美感，A选项“数学家们喜欢把他们的公式和方程式排列成一种美丽的形式”符合原文。【干扰项排除】B选项“数学家们愿意不遗余力地使他们的证明变得优雅”，原文没有提到“证明（proofs）”，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“数学家很少把公式和方程式排列得对称”，原文没有提到“对称（symmetry）”，但是提到了数学家会排列他们的公式和方程式，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“数学家喜欢把公式写成韵文”，原文是说诗人会把他们写的作品按韵文排列，而数学家也会排列他们的公式和方程式，该选项属于张冠李戴。第4题:【选项释义】Poetry is superior to other forms of expression for its _. 诗歌优于其他表达形式，因为它的_。A. unusual diction A. 不寻常的措辞B. imaginative expression B. 富有想象力的表达C. symbolism, condensation and economy of words C. 象征、词语的凝练和简洁D. condensation and imaginative diction D. 凝练和富有想象力的措辞【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Poetry和superior to other forms定位到原文第6段第1句，该句提到“诗歌相对于其他语言表达形式的优势，首先在于诗歌中使用的象征主义（first in the symbolism used in poetry），其次在于文字的极端浓缩和精简（extreme condensation and economy of words）。”由此可知，C选项“象征、词语的凝练和简洁”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“不寻常的措辞”、B选项“富有想象力的表达”、D选项“凝练和富有想象力的措辞”，均不符合原文表述，属于无中生有。第5题:【选项释义】Just like poets, mathematicians may use _. 就像诗人一样，数学家也会_。A. numbers to signify beauty A. 使用数字代表美丽B. symbols for the sake of comparison B. 为了比较而使用的符号C. poems as a kind pf symbols C. 使用诗歌作为一种象征D. symbols for the sake of condensation and concentration D. 为了凝练和集中而使用符号【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】根据题干关键词Just like poets和mathematicians定位到原文最后一段第1句“数学家所做的事情和诗人所做的完全一样。”本段最后一句提到“这些符号，就像其他的数学符号一样（mathematical symbols），也像诗人的符号一样（like the poets symbols），是一种凝练的、集中的方式（a condensed, concentrated way of），用来表述由简单的几何、代数或数字关系组成的长而复杂的数学链。”由此可知，数学家和艺术家都会使用符号，因为这是一种凝练而集中的表达方式，D选项“为了凝练和集中而使用符号”符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“使用数字代表美丽”，这不是数学家与诗人相同的地方，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“为了比较而使用的符号”，数学家使用符合不是为了比较，该选项属于曲解原文；C选项“使用诗歌作为一种象征”，数学家不是用诗歌来表示象征，而是使用字母（in algebra that a is a number），该选项属于曲解原文。13. 单选题Once the _ contradiction is grasped, all problems will be readily solved.问题1选项A.principleB.principalC.potentialD.primitive【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. principle 原则；本质 B. principal 主要的C. potential 潜在的 D. primitive 原始的【答案】B【考查点】语义衔接与形近词辨析【解题思路】原句语义为“抓住_矛盾，一切问题就迎刃而解。”根据后文“一切问题就迎刃而解”推断，前文指的是抓住了主要矛盾，B选项principal“主要的”符合原句语义衔接。【干扰项排除】A选项principle“原则；本质”，形近词，与contradiction“矛盾”不搭配；C选项potential“潜在的”，不符合原句语义衔接；D选项primitive“原始的”，形近词，不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就迎刃而解了。14. 单选题A fussy person usually has only a few friends.问题1选项A.A filth