2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第128期

2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Whether you are a gorilla, a four year old child, a politician or an Olympic athlete, the signs of victory are obvious for all to see: the chest inflates, the head is thrown back and the victor displays a strutting and confident air. Shame at being defeated is equally recognizable: the head bows, and sometimes the shoulders slump and the chest narrows too something that is not a million miles away from the cringing postures associated with submission in animals, from chimpanzees to rats, rabbits and even salamanders. Are these displays of pride and shame common to all humans? If they are, they will have evolved to serve some function.In their research published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team of researchers analyzed images of blind and sighted athletes from different cultures from the judo competition held in the 2004 Olympic and Paralympics Games. They looked for whether or not competitors indulged in post-match behavior such as tilting their heads back, raising their arms or expanding their chests in victory, or hiding their face or narrowing their chests in defeat. They found that in response to success and failure, people from different cultures displayed the stereotypical gestures of pride and some of the components of expressions of shame. This included the blind competitors even those blind from birth.Although the researchers say that congenitally blind children might have been taught by their parents to lift their hands above their heads after a victory, they speculate that it would be harder to teach them the full spectrum of displays they witnessed. These findings, then, imply that displays of pride are not simply cultural stereotypes learnt after birth: but an innate form of behavior that was relevant to the way humans lived. A display of pride (or shame), in other words, may be an evolved and innate behavioral response.Why? Such displays may have an evolutionary function. People could be advertising their accomplishments and ensuring their status and acceptance within their social group. Similarly, shame shows acceptance of a defeat and a reluctance to fight on (which may help to avoid further aggression), and so might well be a display of submission.The researchers also found that the behavioral response to shame was weaker in sighted athletes from cultures that were individualistic or “self-expression valuing” societies in the West. They suggest that athletes from these parts were suppressing responses in accordance with “cultural norms” that stigmatize displays of shame. If so, this would explain why the congenitally blind displayed more shame in defeat than did people who became blind later in life.1.In the opening paragraph, the author proposes his hypothesis by （ ）.2.Why are blind athletes chosen for the research?3.The pride and shame responses probably function as（ ）.4.Which of the following post-match behavior of athletes shows unique cultural influence?问题1选项A.drawing an analogyB.making a comparisonC.listing specific examplesD.explaining a phenomenon问题2选项A.To identify their distinctive behavioral features.B.To illustrate the typical gestures used by the disabled.C.To prove instinctive pride and shame reactions.D.To justify the importance of learning after birth.问题3选项A.determining ones social statusB.showing ones attitudeC.exchanging personal feelingsD.signaling the end of a fight问题4选项A.Hiding their faces.B.Puffing out their chests.C.Raising their arms.D.Removing their clothing.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。类比（drawing an analogy）指将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较，由文章第一段可知作者是将动物与人两个不同的对象，其对胜利的表现都是相同的进行比较，因此选A。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中They found that in response to success and failure, people from different cultures displayed the stereotypical gestures of pride and some of the components of expressions of shame. This included the blind competitors even those blind from birth.（他们发现这些在胜利和失败的反应中，来自不同文化的人们展示出一成不变的胜利姿态和由若干固定成分组成的羞愧表情。这其中包括盲人运动员，甚至还是先天失明的）可知C选项“来证明其骄傲和羞耻的本能反应”符合题意。3.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的People could be advertising their accomplishments and ensuring their status and acceptance within their social group. Similarly, shame shows acceptance of a defeat and a reluctance to fight on. and so might well be a display of submission.（人们要夸耀他们的成就，确保他们的地位和社会群体的认同。同样地，羞愧表现出对失利的接受和对继续战斗的不情愿，也很可能是一种顺从的表现）可知这些都是对态度的表现，因此选B。4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的They suggest that athletes from these parts were suppressing responses in accordance with cultural norms that stigmatize displays of shame.（研究表明来自于这些地方的职业运动员抑制了反应，而这种反应与控制耻辱表现的社会行为规范相一致）可知A“把他们的脸藏起来”属于抑制自己反应的表现，因此选A。2. 单选题（ ） for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.问题1选项A.Had it not beB.Were it notC.Be it notD.Should it not【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。对现在事实进行虚拟，从句：If+主语+动词一般过去时（be动词用were），主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do；当虚拟条件句的谓语部分含有were, should, had时，可将连词if省略，把were, should, had置于句首。从句中的If it were not for the timely investment=Were it not for the timely investment，因此选B。句意：要不是广大公众的及时投资，我们公司不会像现在这样兴旺发达。3. 单选题Too much time has（ ）since they started talking on the issue.问题1选项A.elapsedB.occupiedC.circulatedD.detached【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。elapse意为“（时间）消逝，过去”；occupy意为“使用，占用”；circulate意为“循环，传播”；detach意为“分离，拆开”。句意：自从他们开始讨论这个问题以来，已经花了太多时间。4. 问答题In spite of (A) his aged (B) appearance, his movements were as spirited (C) as a young man (D).【答案】试题答案：D; a young mans【解析】考查比较级。as.as意为“与一样”，his movements（他的动作）不能与a young man（年轻人）进行比较，应与a young mans movements比较，为了避免重复，此处可将a young mans movements中的movements省略，改为a young mans。5. 单选题All animals, especially the small kind, appear to feel anxiety. Humans have felt it since the days they shared the planet with saber-toothed tigers. But we live in a particularly anxious age. The initial shock of Sept. 11 has worn off, and the fear has lifted, but millions of Americans continue to share a kind of generalized mass anxiety. A recent TIME/CNN poll found that eight months after the event, nearly two-thirds of Americans think about the terror attacks at least several times a week. And it doesnt take much for all the old fears to come rushing back. What was surprising about the recent drumbeat of terror warnings was how quickly it triggered the anxiety so many of us thought we had put behind us.This is one of the mysteries of anxiety. While it is a normal response to physical danger and can be a useful tool for focusing the mind when theres a deadline looming anxiety becomes a problem when it persists too long beyond the immediate threat. Sometimes theres an obvious cause, as with the shell-shocked soldiers of World War I or the terror-scarred civilians of the World Trade Center collapse. Other times, we dont know why we cant stop worrying.Anxiety disorder which is what health experts call any anxiety that persists to the point that it interferes with ones life is the most common mental illness in the U.S. In its various forms, ranging from very specific phobias to generalized anxiety disorder, it afflicts 19 million Americans (see “Are You Too Anxious?”).In recent years, however, researchers have made significant progress in nailing down the underlying science of anxiety. In just the past decade, they have come to appreciate that whatever the factors that trigger anxiety, it grows out of a response that is hardwired in our brains. They have learned, among other things:There is a genetic component to anxiety; some people seem to be born worriers.Brain scans can reveal differences in the way patients who suffer from anxiety disorders respond to danger signals. Due to a shortcut in our brains information-processing system, we can respond to threats before we become aware of them.The root of an anxiety disorder may not be the threat that triggers it but a breakdown in the mechanism that keeps the anxiety response from careering out of control.Before we delve into the latest research, lets define a few terms. Though we all have our own intuitive sense of what the words stress and fear mean, scientists use these words in very specific ways. For them, stress is an external stimulus that signals danger, often by causing pain. Fear is the short-term response such stresses produce in men, women or lab rats. Anxiety has a lot of the same symptoms as fear, but its a feeling that lingers long after the stress has lifted and the threat has passed.In general, science has a hard time pinning down emotions because they are by nature so slippery and subjective. Even most people are as clueless about why they have certain feelings as they are about how their lungs work. But fear is the once aspect of anxiety thats easy to recognize. Rats freeze in place. Humans break out in a cold sweat. Heartbeats race, and blood pressure rises. That gives scientists something they can control and measure.Indeed, a lot of what researchers have learned about the biology of anxiety comes from scaring rats and then cutting them open. The researchers destroy small portions of the rats brains to see what effect that has on their reactions (an experiment that would be impossible to conduct in humans). By painstakingly matching the damaged areas with changes in behavior, scientists have, bit by bit, created a road map of fear as it travels through the rats brain.The journey begins when a rat (well get to humans later) feels the stress, in this case an electric shock. The rats senses immediately send a message to the central portion of its brain, where the stimulus activates two neural pathways. One of these pathways is a relatively long, circuitous route (迂回路径)through the cortex (脑皮层)where the brain does its most elaborate and accurate processing of information. The other route is a kind of emergency shortcut that quickly reaches an almond-shaped cluster of cells called the amygdala (扁桃体).Whats special about the amygdala is that it can quickly activate just about every system in the body to fight like the devil or run like crazy. Its not designed to be accurate, just fast. If you have ever gone hiking and been startled by a snake that turned out to be a stick, you can thank your amygdala.But while the amygdala is busy telling the body what to do, it also fires up a nearby curved cluster of neurons called the hippocampus(大脑侧面室脑壁上的隆起物).(A 16th century anatomist named it after the Greek word for seahorse.) The job of the hippocampus is to help the brain learn and form new memories. And not just any memories. The hippocampus allows a rat to remember where it was when it got shocked and what was going on around it at the time. Such contextual learning helps the poor rodent avoid dangerous places in the future. It probably also helps it recognize what situations are likely to be relatively safe. This makes sense, in terms of survival. After all, its better to panic unnecessarily than to be too relaxed in the face of life-threatening danger.Discovering this basic neural circuitry turned out to be a key breakthrough in understanding anxiety. It showed that the anxiety response isnt necessarily caused by an external threat; rather, it may be traced to a breakdown in the mechanism that signals the brain to stop responding. Just as a car can go out of control due to either a stuck accelerator or failed brakes, its not always clear which part of the brain is at fault. It may turn out that some anxiety disorders are caused by an overactive amygdala (the accelerator) while others are caused by an underactive prefrontal cortex (call it the brake).Of course, what you would really like to know is whether any of the work done in rats applies to humans. Clearly researchers cant go around performing brain surgery on the amygdalas of living patients to see if it affects their anxiety levels. But the fascinating case of a woman known only by her research number, SM046, suggests that when it comes to fear, rodents and hominids really arent so different.Owing to an unusual brain disorder, SM046 has a defective amygdala. As a result, her behavior is abnormal in a very particular way. When scientists at the University of Iowa show SM046 pictures of a series of faces, she has no trouble picking out those that are happy, sad or angry. But if the face is displaying fear, she cannot recognize the feeling. She identifies it as a face expressing, some intense emotion, but that is all. Her unusual condition strongly suggests that even in Homo sapiens, fear takes hold in the amygdala.Eventually, researchers would like to learn what role our genes, as opposed to our environment, play in the development of anxiety. “It has been known for some time that these disorders run in families.” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatric geneticist at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Va. “So the next logical question is the nature-nurture issue.” In other words, are anxious people born that way, or do they become anxious as a result of their life experiences?Kendler and his colleagues approached the question by studying groups of identical twins, who share virtually all their genes, and fraternal twins, who, like any other siblings, share only some of them. What Kendlers group found was that both identical twins were somewhat more likely than both fraternal twins to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder, phobias or panic attacks. (The researchers have not yet studied twins with post-traumatic stress disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder.)The correlation isnt 100%, however. “Most of the heritability is in the range of 30% to 40%,” Kendler says. Thats a fairly moderate genetic impact, he notes, “Your genes set your general vulnerability,” he concludes. “You can be a low-vulnerable, intermediate-vulnerable or a high-vulnerable person.” But your upbringing and your experiences still have a major role to play. Someone with a low genetic vulnerability, for example, could easily develop a fear of flying after surviving a horrific plane crash.There are no guidebooks to tell you when its safe to venture out again. In many ways, the whole country was made part of an unwitting experiment in mass anxiety. Our brains are even now in the process of rewiring themselves. How successfully we navigate this delicate transition will depend a lot on our genes, our environment and any future attacks.1.Anxiety can be a useful tool for focusing the mind when （ ）.2.Now in the United States, about 19 million people are suffering from（ ）.3.Which of the following statement about fear is NOT true?4.Generally, scientists find it hard to study emotions because（ ）.5.As fear travels through the rats brain, scientists have, bit by bit, created a road map of fear by（ ）.问题1选项A.there is an obvious cause of anxiety.B.we know why we can stop worryingC.it persists too long beyond the immediateD.there is a deadline looming.问题2选项A.terror warningB.mental illnessC.anxiety disorderD.physical danger问题3选项A.Fear is the external stimulus that signals danger.B.Fear is the short-term response stresses produce in men.C.Fear has a lot of the same symptoms as anxiety.D.Fear is the aspect of anxiety that is easy to recognize.问题4选项A.they are the nature of human beingsB.only fear is easy to recognizeC.most people are as cluelessD.they are slippery and subjective问题5选项A.studying its reaction after being cut off some portions of brainB.sending a message to the central portion of its brainC.measuring its blood pressureD.matching the damaged areas with changes in behavior【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的This is one of the mysteries of anxiety. While it is a normal response to physical danger and can be a useful tool for focusing the mind when theres a deadline looming（这是焦虑的奥秘之一。虽然这是对身体危险的正常反应，但在最后期限即将来临的时候，它可以成为集中注意力的有用工具）可知选D。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的it afflicts 19 million Americans（它折磨着1,900万美国人）可知句中的“it”指代前面提及的“Anxiety disorder”，因此选C。3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的stress is an external stimulus that signals danger, often by causing pain. Fear is the short-term response such stresses produce in men, women or lab rats. Anxiety has a lot of the same symptoms as fear（压力是一种外部刺激，通常通过引起疼痛来发出危险信号。恐惧是短期反应，这种压力会在男性、女性或实验室老鼠身上产生。焦虑和恐惧有很多相同的症状。）和第六段中的But fear is the once aspect of anxiety thats easy to recognize（但恐惧是焦虑的一方面，很容易识别）可知A表示不正确，根据题干中的“NOT true”，因此选A。4.细节事实题。由文章第六段中的In general, science has a hard time pinning down emotions because they are by nature so slippery and subjective.（一般来说，科学很难压制情绪，因为它们天生就很滑和主观）可知选D。5.细节事实题。由文章第七段中的By painstakingly matching the damaged areas with changes in behavior, scientists have, bit by bit, created a road map of fear as it travels through the rats brain.（通过努力将受损的区域与行为的变化相匹配，科学家们一点点地创造了一张在老鼠大脑中传播的恐惧路线图）可知D选项“将受损区域与行为变化相匹配”符合题意。6. 单选题Its harmful to ones health to （ ）smoking and drinking问题1选项A.take onB.take toC.take inD.take off【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。take on意为“承担，接受”；take to意为“喜欢，养成的习惯”；take in意为“吸收，吸入”；take off意为“脱掉，起飞”。句意：吸烟喝酒有害人的身体健康。7. 问答题Wed rather have long waits than (A) no shifting of the scenes, and (B) all the actors on (C) the stage doing (D) nothing.【答案】试题答案：B; with【解析】考查独立主格。with表示伴随状况，其结构为：with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。8. 单选题The laughter at his jokes is never forced, but always（ ）.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.simultaneousC.spontaneousD.instantaneous【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。homogeneous意为“同性质的，同类的”；simultaneous意为“同时发生的，同时存在的”；spontaneous意为“自发的”；instantaneous意为“瞬间的”。句意：他讲笑话时人们从来不是被迫笑的，而是自发的笑。9. 单选题His career was not noticeably（ ）by the fact that he had never been to college.问题1选项A.preventedB.restrainedC.hinderedD.refrained【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。prevent意为“防止，预防”；restrain意为“抑制，压抑”，指抑制某种感情；hinder意为“阻碍，妨碍”，指受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难；refrain意为“抑制，克制”，指抑制做某件事。句意：他从未上过大学，但他的事业并没有因此而受到明显的妨碍。10. 单选题The managing director took the （ ）for the accident, although it was not really his fault.问题1选项A.guiltB.chargeC.blameD.accusation【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。guilt意为“有罪，犯罪行为”；charge意为“收费，指控”；blame意为“(坏事或错事的) 责任，责备”，take the blame for意为“承担的责任”；accusation意为“指责，谴责”。句意：总经理承担了事故的责任，尽管并不真的是他的错。11. 问答题The teacher said that if (A)we believed something was (B)true and good we should (C) hold on to them (D).【答案】试题答案：D; it【解析】考查代词用法。something意为“某物，某事”，其不定代词要用单数代词it，不能用them。12. 单选题Our country has grown rich because of its （ ）with other nations.问题1选项A.intercourseB.businessC.commerceD.interaction【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。intercourse意为“交流，交往”；business意为“商业，交易”；commerce意为“(尤指国际间的) 贸易，商业”；interaction意为“相互影响，交互作用”。句意：我国通过与其他国家的贸易往来富起来了。13. 单选题Many soldiers have to remind themselves when they return home not to use（ ）of the barracks.问题1选项A.vulgarB.grossC.roughD.coarse【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。vulgar意为“庸俗的，粗俗的”；gross意为“不雅的，恶俗的”；rough意为“（态度）粗暴”；coarse意为“粗鲁无礼的”。A、C、D选项一般表示行为，举止粗俗，此处表示使用的语言，gross表示语言的粗鲁不雅，因此选B。句意：许多士兵在回家时必须提醒自己不使用军营里粗鲁的语言。14. 单选题The army training exercises ended with a （ ）battle.问题1选项A.mockB.fantasticC.simultaneousD.imaginary【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。mock意为“不诚实的，模拟的”；fantastic意为“极好的，富于想象的”；simultaneous意为“同时发生的，同时存在的”；imaginary意为“想象中的，幻想的”。句意：军队训练演习以一场模拟战结束。15. 单选题Professor Kumar Bhatt, founder and head of Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMC), and RobMeakin a personnel director at Marconi, have developed a partnership to train engineers and managers to become elite rate. The New Knowledge Partnership will include a tea