2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第39期

2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题各国文明的多样性，是人类社会的基本特征，也是推动世界文明进步的重要动力。当今世界拥有60亿人口，200多个国家和地区，2 500多个民族，5 000多种语言。由于历史传统、宗教信仰、文化背景、社会制度、价值观念和发展程度的不同，各个国家和地区才具有了各自鲜明的特征，整个人类文明也因此而交相辉映、多姿多彩、富有活力。这种文明的多样性是在历史长河中形成的，并将长期存在下去。我们应该尊重和维护各国文明的多样性，而不应人为歧视或贬低他国文明；应该鼓励各种文明在对话交流中相互借鉴、取长补短，而不应相互隔绝和相互排斥；应该倡导各种文明在相互包容、求同存异中共同发展，而不应强求一律、强加于人。随着经济全球化和新科技革命的发展，国家间的相互联系和相互依存愈益加深，但这并不意味着可以忽视和削弱国家主权的地位与作用。必须实行国际关系民主化。不尊重别国主权，以大欺小，以强凌弱，推行霸权主义和强权政治，实践证明是行不通的。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】The diversity of the worlds civilizations is a basic hallmark of human society and an important driving force that propels human progress. Our world today has over 6 billion inhabitants living in more than 200 countries and regions. They break down into over 2,500 ethnic groups and speak more than 5,000 different languages. Because of the difference in historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one another. It is these differences that make our planet dazzling, colorful and bustling with life. Such diversity is a legacy of history and will stay with us into the future. Instead of harboring bias against or deliberately belittling other civilizations, we should give full respect to the diversity of civilizations all over the world. Instead of shutting each other out in mutual exclusion, we should encourage dialogues and exchanges between civilizations so that they can learn from each other in mutual emulation. Instead of demanding uniformity and imposing ones will on others, we should promote common development of all civilizations in the course of mutual tolerance and seeking agreement while shelving differences.With the globalization of economy and the advancement in new, scientific and technological revolution, the interconnection and interdependence between countries are developing in depth, but this doesnt mean allowing of ignoring and weakening the status and role of a nations sovereignty. It is necessary to have greater democracy in international relations. Practice indicates that the disregard for other countries sovereignty, the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak and the pursuance of hegemonism and power politics wont work.2. 单选题The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. Three-quarters of the Earths fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10000 icebergs that break away from t?he polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.1.What is the main topic of the passage?2.How are icebergs formed?3.With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?4.It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs （ ） .问题1选项A.The movement of glaciers.B.Icebergs as a source of water.C.Future water shortages.D.The future of the worlds rivers.问题2选项A.They break off from glaciers.B.Seawater freezes.C.Rivers freeze.D.Small pieces of floating ice funneling.问题3选项A.Pulling icebergs to dry areas is economically possible.B.Removing salt from water is the best way to obtain drinking water.C.Using water from icebergs is a very short-term solution to water shortage.D.Icebergs could not be pulled very far before they would melt.问题4选项A.become part of glaciersB.drift toward the polar regionC.move in whichever direction the wind is blowingD.melt in the oceans【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What is the main topic of the passage? 1. 这篇文章的主题是什么？A. The movement of glaciers. A. 冰川的运动。B. Icebergs as a source of water. B. 作为水源的冰山。C. Future water shortages. C. 未来的水资源短缺。D. The future of the worlds rivers. D. 世界河流的未来。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，根据首尾两段核心句，首段最后一句中的“人类淡水供应的增长速度将超过食物供应的增长速度”，以及尾段最后一句“即使冰山在拖曳过程中失去了一半的体积，它们所能提供的水也远比通过脱盐或从水中除去盐来获得的水便宜”，从中可知，本文主要讲的是冰川作为一种被忽视的淡水资源。B项“作为水源的冰山”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“冰川的运动”、C项“未来的水资源短缺”只是部分提及，以偏概全；D项“世界河流的未来”没有提到，无中生有。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. How are icebergs formed? 2. 冰山是如何形成的？A. They break off from glaciers. A. 它们从冰川断裂。B. Seawater freezes. B. 海水冻结。C. Rivers freeze. C. 河流冻结。D. Small pieces of floating ice funneling. D. 小块的浮冰汇集。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第三段第二句“冰山不像海水的冰，海水的冰是由海水本身结冰形成的；冰山完全是在陆地上形成的，当冰川延伸到海洋时就断裂了”，可知，当冰川延伸到海洋时，它就会断裂形成冰山，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“海水冻结”是海水的冰的形成过程，张冠李戴；C项“河流冻结”原文未提及，无中生有；D项“小块的浮冰汇集”，原文第二段三句虽然提到“每年有7659万亿公吨冰漂流在海洋中”，但是与冰山的形成无关，张冠李戴。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree? 3. 作者可能同意下列哪一种观点？A. Pulling icebergs to dry areas is economically possible. A. 从经济上讲，把冰山拉到干旱地区是可行的。B. Removing salt from water is the best way to obtain drinking water. B. 除去水中的盐分是获得饮用水的最好方法。C. Using water from icebergs is a very short-term solution to water shortage. C. 从冰山中取水是解决水资源短缺的一种非常短期的方法。D. Icebergs could not be pulled very far before they would melt. D. 冰山被拉不了多远就会融化。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第四段倒数一二句“由于冰山比小块的冰融化得慢，因此在大西洋中，冰山曾向北漂流到赤道以南35度的地方。把它们赶到世界上需要它们的地方不会太困难”以及末段最后一句“即使冰山在牵引的过程中失去一半的体积，它们所能提供的水也要比用脱盐法产生的水便宜得多”，从中可推断，实际操作上，把冰山赶到世界上需要它们的地方不会太困难，从经济的角度看，即使牵引冰山会使得冰山失去一半体积，但是冰山提供的淡水比用其他方法获得淡水更便宜，也就是说把冰山拉到干旱地区是可行的。故A项“从经济上讲，把冰山拉到干旱地区是可行的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“除去水中的盐分是获得饮用水的最好方法”，根据解题思路可知，脱盐法不是获得饮用水的最好方法，该项反向干扰；C项“从冰山中取水是解决水资源短缺的一种非常短期的方法”，根据第二段第二句“全球四分之三的淡水供应被锁在冰川中，冰川就是一个蓄水池，其中未开发的淡水量非常巨大，足够支持全世界的江河达一千年，冰川中的淡水量都能够支持江河一千年”可知，冰山中的淡水量非常巨大，怎么会是短期办法，该项反向干扰；D项“冰山被拉不了多远就会融化”，根据最后一段第一句“困难出现在其他技术问题上，例如防止在较暖的气候中迅速融化，以及把大量淡水收集到岸上”，文章是说冰山被拉到温暖的地方的时候可能会快速融化，温暖地区肯定离冰山地区很远了，但选项中的very far与温暖地区是不对等的，所以该项反向干扰。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs _. 4. 从文章中可以推断出，大多数冰山_。A. become part of glaciers A. 成为冰川的一部分B. drift toward the polar region B. 漂向极地地区C. move in whichever direction the wind is blowing C. 顺着风吹的方向移动D. melt in the oceans D. 融化在海洋中【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第四段内容“难题出在其他技术问题上，比如如何防止冰山在较暖的气候中迅速融化以及如何把大量的淡水收集到岸上去。但是，即使在拖曳的过程中冰山失去了一半体积，这样做也远比从海水中脱盐得到的淡水便宜。”，从中我们可知，由于技术问题，在拖曳冰山的过程中，冰山会逐渐融化，人们无法有效利用冰山的淡水资源，所以推断，从极地地区拖曳冰山到温暖的地区肯定是中途在海洋里就融化了，所以选项D正确。【干扰项排除】A项“成为冰川的一部分”，原文第三段的第二句指出“冰山是完全在陆地上形成的，当冰川伸展到海面时，冰山就断裂下来”，也就是说，冰山是冰川延伸到海面断裂后形成的，而不是它的一部分，该项曲解原文；B项“漂向极地地区”，原文第三段第三句提到“当它们漂离（drift away from）极地时”，可知，冰山会漂离极地地区而不是漂向，该项反向干扰；C项“顺着风吹的方向移动”，原文第三段第三句提到“冰山有时候会在次表层洋流的推动下颇为神秘地逆风移动（opposite to the wind）”，从中可知，冰山是逆风漂流，该项反向干扰。3. 翻译题为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。例如，当中东战争中断了原油运输时，全世界石油价格飞涨。对石油和石油产品的消费者来说，这个事件降低了他们的生活水平。对经济决策者来说，它提出了选择最优反应的难题。但对经济科学家来说，它提供了研究关键自然资源对世界经济影响的机会，而且，在战争引起的石油价格上涨结束后，这种机会还会持续很长时间。因此，在本书中我们要考虑许多历史事件。这些事件之所以具有研究价值，既是因为它们能使我们了解过去的经济，更重要的则是因为它们使我们可以说明并评价现在的经济理论。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English.【答案】In order to find a substitute for laboratory experiments, economists pay close attention to the natural experiments provided by history. When a war in the Middle East interrupted the flow of crude oil, for instance, oil prices soared up throughout the world. For consumers in oil and oil products, such an event has reduced their living standards. For economic policymakers, it puts forward the problem of choosing the best response. But for economic scientists, it provides an opportunity to study the impact of key natural resources on the world economy, and this opportunity will persist for long after the wartime increase in oil price is over. Therefore, throughout this book we will consider a lot of historical events. These events are valuable to study because they enable us to understand the economy of the past, and more importantly, because they allow us to illustrate and evaluate the current economic theories.4. 不定项选择题Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causes of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this passage is（ ）.2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（ ） .3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（ ） .4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（ ）.问题1选项A.Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB.Approaches to Just PunishmentC.Improvement in Legal JusticeD.Attaining Justice in the Courts问题2选项A.type of crime that was provenB.severity of the punishmentC.reason for the sentenceD.outcome of the trial问题3选项A.forced labourB.imprisonmentC.fair sentenceD.the electric chair问题4选项A.prove that equality demands just punishmentB.justify the need for punishment as a part of lawC.give moral back to retributive justiceD.show that man has long been interested in justice【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. The best title for this passage is _. 1. 这篇文章最好的题目是_。A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime A. 对罪行的适当惩罚B. Approaches to Just Punishment B. 公正惩罚的方法C. Improvement in Legal Justice C. 加强司法公正D. Attaining Justice in the Courts D. 在法庭上获得公正【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先定位文章段落中心句，第一段首句“社会的正义必须包括对被告的公平审判和对被证明有罪的人选择适当的惩罚”，第二段首句“现代法学家试图用纠正正义的概念来取代报应正义”以及第三段首句“只有那些无法治愈的罪犯才应该与社会的其他部分永久隔离”；然后，文章的行文结构是总分结构，也就是说第一段中心句为文章的主旨，即公正惩罚的途径，所以B项“公正惩罚的方法”符合文章主旨。【干扰项排除】A项“对罪行的适当惩罚”、C项“加强司法公正”和D项“在法庭上获得公正”都是以偏概全。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the _. 2. 这篇文章暗示了报应正义和纠正正义的根本区别是_。A. type of crime that was proven A. 被证实的犯罪类型B. severity of the punishment B. 惩罚的严厉程度C. reason for the sentence C. 判刑的原因D. outcome of the trial D. 审判的结果【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词retributive justice和corrective justice定位至文章第二段，第二和第三句提到“后者（纠正正义）的目的不是要放弃平等的概念，而是要找到一种更适当的方式来表达它。它试图保持这样一种理念（It tries to preserve the idea），即每个人都有平等的机会去实现自己最好的一面。”，从中可知，两种司法审判类型不同的根本原因在于司法理念的不同，所以两者之间最主要的差异应该是判刑的原因。故该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“被证实的犯罪类型”和D项“审判的结果”没有提及，无中生有；B项“惩罚的严厉程度”是德国唯心主义者黑格尔的观点，与题干无关，张冠李戴。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be _. 3. 最不符合纠正正义观点的惩罚是_。A. forced labor A. 强迫劳动B. imprisonment B. 监禁C. fair sentence C. 公平判决D. the electric chair D. 电椅【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据corrective justice可以定位到第二段对corrective justice的描述：它试图保持这样一种理念，即每个人都有平等的机会去实现自己最好的一面。罪犯被认为患有社会疾病，需要治疗，以使他成为社会的正常成员。在进行治疗之前，必须找出他反社会行为的原因。如果原因可以消除，就必须做出规定来做到这一点。从中可知，根据“corrective justice”的理论，要先找出犯人犯罪的原因并想办法消除它；对犯人可以采取严厉的惩罚，但惩罚是为使犯人改过，不是为了使其得到相应的报应，四个选项中D项“电椅”是极端的做法，不符合此理论。故该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“强迫劳动”、B项“监禁”和C项“公平判决”都符合纠正正义的理论，属于反向干扰。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order _. 4.圣经中的表达“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”是为了_。A. prove that equality demands just punishment A. 证明平等需要公正的惩罚B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law B. 证明惩罚是法律的一部分C. give moral back to retributive justice C. 将道德还给报应正义D. show that man has long been interested in justice D. 表明人类长期以来对正义很感兴趣【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位第一段第二和第三句“由于正义被视为平等的一种形式，我们在它的早期表达中发现了惩罚等于犯罪的想法（we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime）。圣经中有这样一种说法：以眼还眼，以牙还牙。”，从中得知，正义在很久以前就已经以另外一种形式出现，即惩罚等于犯罪；在这里作者没有表达或反驳任何观点，只是做了介绍说明；综合理解可知，文章中使用圣经中的表达“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”是为了表明人类长期以来对正义很感兴趣。故该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“证明平等需要公正的惩罚”没有体现，无中生有；B项“证明惩罚是法律的一部分”表述错误，惩罚只是对现代法律文件和程序的许多部分的反映，而不是其中一部分，曲解原文；C项“将道德还给报应正义”是第二段内容，与题干无关，张冠李戴。5. 单选题Hackers never were part of the mainstream establishment, but their current reputation as villains of cyberspace is a far cry from the early days when, first and foremost, they were seen as ardent if quirky programmers, capable of near-miraculous, unorthodox feats of machine manipulation. But the shift in popular perception to hackers as deviants and criminals is important not only because it affects the hackers themselves and the extraordinary culture that has grown around them, but because it reflects shifts in the development, governance, and meaning of the new information technology.In Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution , Steven Levy traces the roots of evolving hacker communities to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1950s. Here, core members of the Tech Model Railroad Club “discovered” computers first as a tool for enhancing their beloved model railroads and then as objects of passion in their own right. They turned their considerable creative energies to the task of building and programming MITs early mainframes in uneasy but relatively peaceful coexistence with formal employees of the universitys technical staff.Formidable programmers, these hackers produced and debugged computer codes at an astonishing rate. They helped develop hardware and software for existing computer functions and invented novel algorithms and applications that were incorporated into subsequent generations of computers. These novel functions not only extended recreational capabilitiesgaming, virtual reality, and digitized music一but also increased practical capabilities such as the control of robots and processing speeds. Obsessive work also yielded a host of basic system subroutines and utilities that pushed operating capacities and efficiency to new heights, and became a fundamental part of what we experience every time we sit in front of a computer.This book describes legendary hacking bingesdays and nights with little or no sleepleading to products that surprised and sometimes annoyed colleagues in mainstream academic and research positions. “The pure hack” did not respect prescribed methods or theory-driven, top-down approaches to computer science and engineering. The unconventional lifestyle did not seem to put off adherents, even though it could be pretty unwholesome: a disregard for patterns of night and day, a diet of junk-food, inattention to personal appearance and hygiene, and the virtual absence of any life outside of hacking.It was not only single-minded attachment to their craft that defined these early backers but their espousal of an ideology informally called the “hacker ethic.” This creed included several elements: commitment to total and free access to computers and information, belief in immense powers of computers to improve peoples lives and create art and beauty, disdain for obstacles erected against free access to computing, and an insistence that hackers be evaluated by no other criteria than technical virtuosity and accomplishment. In other words, the culture of hacking incorporated political and moral values as well as technical ends.1.The relationship between the hacker community and MIT administration in the late 1950s can be best described as（ ） .2.Which of the following is not true in this passage?3.The lifestyle of hackers described in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution is （ ）.4.Which of the following is included in the hacker ethic?问题1选项A.on good termsB.somewhat unsettledC.hostileD.tricky问题2选项A.Existing computer functions have been improved with the help of hackers.B.Hackers efforts have contributed to increasing capabilities of our computer in several ways.C.Hackers are generally taken as illegal in the past.D.Hackers believe that their technical accomplishment is the only criterion for evaluating them.问题3选项A.unconventionalB.innovativeC.annoyingD.out of date问题4选项A.Strong will to overcome difficulties that stand in the way.B.Devotion to get free access to information.C.Concentration on the improvement of their craft.D.Immense power to create art and beauty.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. The relationship between the hacker community and MIT administration in the late 1950s can be best described as _. 1. 20世纪50年代末，黑客团