2022年考博英语-武汉理工大学考前模拟强化练习题98（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-武汉理工大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Originally, plastic was hailed for its potential to reduce humankinds heavy environmental footprint. The earliest plastic were invented as substitutes for shrinking supplies of natural materials like ivory or tortoiseshell. Today, plastic is perceived as natures nemesis. But a generic distaste for plastic can muddy our thinking about the trade-offs involved when we replace plastic with other materials.Take plastic bags, the emblem for all bad things. They clog storm drains, tangle up recycling equipment, litter parks and beaches and threaten wildlife on land and at sea. Such problems have fueled bans on bags around the world and in more than a dozen American cities. Unfortunately, the bans typically lead to a huge increase in the use of paper bags, which also have environmental drawbacks. In other words, plastics arent necessarily bad for the environment; its the way we make and use them thats the problem.Its estimated that half of the nearly 600 billion pounds of plastics produced each, year go into single-use products. Some are indisputably valuable, like disposable syringes, which have been a great ally in preventing the spread of infectious diseases like HIV and even plastic water bottles, which, after diseases like the Japanese tsunami, are critical to saving lives. Yet many disposables, like the bags, drinking straws and packaging commonly found in beach clean-ups, are essentially prefab litter with a heavy environmental cost.And theres another cost. Pouring so much plastic into disposable conveniences has helped to diminish our view of a family of materials we once held in high esteem. Plastic has become synonymous with cheap and worthless, when in fact those chains of hydrocarbons ought to be regarded as among the most valuable substances on the planet. If we understood plastics true worth, we would stop wasting it on trivial throwaways and take better advantage of what this versatile material can do for us.In a world of nearly seven billion souls and counting, we are not going to feed, clothe and house ourselves solely from wood, ore and stone; we need plastics. And in an era when were concerned about our carbon footprint, we can appreciate that lightweight plastics take less energy to produce and transport than many other materials.Yet we cant hope to achieve plastics promise for the 21st century if we stick with wasteful 20th century habits of plastic production and consumption. We have the technology to make better and safer plastics-forged from renewable sources, rather than finite fossil fuels, using chemicals that inflict minimal or no harm on the planet and our health.1. From the results of banning plastic bags, we learn that _.2. What do we know about the single-use plastic products from the third paragraph?3. The author believes that people would stop wasting plastic if they _.4. Lightweight plastics enjoy great advantage over other materials in that that they are _.5. Whats the authors attitude towards the future of plastic?问题1选项A.better materials are still to be found to replace plastic bagsB.the way of making and using plastic bags matters a lotC.plastic bags really cause many environmental problemsD.the bans on plastic bags greatly boost the paper industry问题2选项A.Plastic bags account for only a small part.B.They are all indispensable in emergencies or disasters.C.Masses of them usually end up as litter.D.Most are made good use of by people.问题3选项A.knew the history of its inventionB.got punished for wasting itC.realized its impact on the environmentD.didnt take its value for granted问题4选项A.more durable and harder to breakB.energy-efficient in making and transportingC.easy to produce and useD.widely used in green technology问题5选项A.ObjectiveB.PessimisticC.PassionateD.Unknown【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句In other words, plastics arent necessarily bad for the environment; its the way we make and use them thats the problem.（换句话说，塑料不一定对环境有害；我们制造和使用它们的方式才是问题所在。因此可推测，对于塑料对环境是否有害，取决于制造和使用方式）。B选项“制作和使用塑料袋的方法很重要”，B选项符合题意。A选项“人们仍在寻找更好的材料来取代塑料袋”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。C选项“塑料袋确实造成了许多环境问题”，文章对塑料袋造成禁令，但是也会造成纸袋的使用上升，因此可排除C选项。D选项“禁止使用塑料袋极大地促进了造纸业的发展”，文章中没有提到这个内容，可排除。因此正确答案为B选项。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。我们可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Yet many disposables, like the bags, drinking straws and packaging commonly found in beach clean-ups, are essentially prefab litter with a heavy environmental cost.（然而，许多一次性用品，比如海滩清洁用品中常见的袋子、吸管和包装，本质上都是预制垃圾，造成了沉重的环境成本）。C选项“大量的垃圾通常会被丢弃”，文章所说，塑料的本质都是预制垃圾，因此可推测，塑料会被当成垃圾扔掉，因此C选项正确。A选项“塑料袋只占小部分”，文章所说，许多一次性用品，例如常见的袋子，说明塑料袋不只占小部分，因此A选项可排除。B选项“它们在紧急情况或灾难中都是必不可少的”，文章所说，它们只是对生命拯救至关重要，没有说是必不可少的，因此B选项可排除。D选项“大多数都被人们很好地利用了”，文章所说，会把塑料浪费在微不足道的一次性物品上，因此D选项可排除。因此正确答案为C选项。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干我们可以定位到文章第四段最后一句If we understood plastics true worth, we would stop wasting it on trivial throwaways and take better advantage of what this versatile material can do for us.（如果我们理解塑料的真正价值，我们就不会再把它浪费在微不足道的一次性物品上，而是更好地利用这种多功能材料为我们做的事情）。D选项“没有认为它的价值是理所当然的”，文章所说，如果人们理解塑料的真正价值，便不会浪费塑料，因此D选项正确。A选项“知道它的发明历史”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。B选项“因为浪费了它而受到惩罚”，文章没有提到，浪费塑料会受到惩罚，因此B选项可排除。C选项“意识到它对环境的影响”，文章所说，即便知道会污染环境，人们还是在浪费塑料，因此C选项可排除。因此正确答案为D选项。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干我们可以定位到文章第五段最后一句we can appreciate that lightweight plastics take less energy to produce and transport than many other materials.（我们可以认识到，与许多其他材料相比，轻质塑料的生产和运输所消耗的能源更少）。B选项“在制造和运输上节能”，文章所说，轻质塑料的生产和运输所消耗的能源更少，因此B选项正确。A选项“更耐用，更不易断裂”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。C选项“易于生产和使用”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除C选项。D选项“广泛应用于绿色科技”，塑料并没有广泛地运用在绿色科技，D选项可排除。因此正确答案为B选项。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】观点态度题。通读全文，作者既讲述了塑料的危害，也说了对于塑料的使用需要明白制作和使用方式以及理解塑料的真正价值，因此作者对待塑料的态度是客观理性的。A选项“客观的”符合作者的观点态度，因此正确答案为A选项。2. 单选题All over the world, your chances of success in school and life depend more on your family circumstances than on any other factor. By age three, kids with professional parents are already a full year ahead of their poorer peers. They know twice as many words as many words and score 40 points higher on IQ tests. By age 10, the gap is three years. By then, some poor children have not mastered basic reading and math skills, and many never will: his is the age at which failure starts to become irreversible.A few school systems seem to have figured out how to erase these gaps. Finland ensures that every child completes basic education and meets a rigorous standard. One Finnish district official, asked about the number of children who dont complete school in her city, replied,” I can tell you their names if you want. “In the United States, KIPP charter schools enroll students from the poorest families and ensure that most almost every one of them graduates high school80 percent make it to college. Singapore narrowed its achievement gap among ethnic minorities from 17 percent to 5 percent over 20 years.These success stories offer lessons for the rest of us. First, get children into school early. High-quality pre-schooling does more for a childs chances in school and life than any other educational intervention. One study, which began in the 1960s, tracked two groups of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Some were given the opportunity to attend a high-quality pre-school; others were not. Thirty-five years later, the kids who went to pre-school earned more, had better jobs, and were less likely to have been in prison or divorced.Second, recognize that the average kid spends about half his waking hours up until the age of 18 outside of schooldont ignore that time. KIPP students spend 60 percent more time in school than the average American students. They arrive earlier, leave later, attend more regularly, and even go to school every other Saturday. Similarly, in 1996, Chile extended its school day to add the equivalent of more than two more years of schooling.Third, pour lots of effort to train teachers. Studies in the United States have shown that kids with the most effective teachers learn three times as much as those with the least effective. Systems such as Singapores are choosy about recruiting; they invest in training and continuing education; they evaluate teachers regularly, and they award bonuses only to the top performers.Finally, recognize the value of individualized attention. In Finland, kids who start to struggle receive one-to-one support from their teachers. Roughly one in three Finnish students also gets extra help from a tutor each year. If we can learn the lesson of what works, we can build on it.1. What can we infer from the Finnish district officials reply in Paragraph 2?2. Why is it important for kids to attend a high-quality pre-school? Which of the following is NOT true?3. The most important educational factor for a child to achieve success in school and life is to _.4. Why does Singapore lay so much emphasis on the role of teachers?5. What does the passage mainly discuss?问题1选项A.She expresses a desire to show off her good memory.B.She is willing to offer the information at any time.C.Her job requires her to remember all the students names.D.The basic education is paid much attention to in Finland.问题2选项A.Kids can learn better and more.B.Kids tend to be psychologically healthy when they grow up.C.Kids can have a brighter future.D.When they grow up, the kids wish to earn more money.问题3选项A.receive a good and early pre-schoolingB.prolong his or her learning time in schoolC.get instruction from more excellent teachersD.get person-to-person help from the teachers问题4选项A.Kids like serious teachers.B.Kids can have better chances to learn more and better.C.Good teachers can create a happy and relaxed environment.D.Kids want to keep a good relationship with teachers.问题5选项A.The importance of family economic conditions to kids success in study and life.B.The achievement gap between children from wealthy families and poorer ones.C.Some countries have achieved success in erasing the gap between children completely.D.How to narrow the achievement gap between kids from different family backgrounds.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干，可以定位到文章第二段第二句Finland ensures that every child completes basic education and meets a rigorous standard.（芬兰确保每个孩子完成基础教育，并达到严格的标准）。D选项“芬兰非常重视基础教育”，根据文章内容，芬兰非常重视基础教育，未接受基础教育的孩子屈指可数，D选项正确。A选项“她想要炫耀她的好记性”， 文章并不是想要表明她的记性好，A选项可排除。B选项“她愿意随时提供信息”，文章没有提到此内容，B选项可排除。C选项“她的工作要求她记住所有学生的名字”，她的工作内容并不是要记住孩子的名字，C选项可排除。因此D选项正确。2.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干我们可以定位到文章第三段。D选项“当他们长大了，孩子们希望赚更多的钱”，文章第三段提到the kids who went to pre-school earned more, had better jobs, and were less likely to have been in prison or divorced.（上过学前班的孩子收入更高，有更好的工作，入狱或离婚的可能性更小。），可推测上过学前班的孩子挣得更多，有更好的工作，但并不是他们希望能够挣到更多的钱，D选项符合题意，因此选择D。A选项“孩子们可以学得更好、更多”，可以定位到文章第三段High-quality pre-schooling does more for a childs chances in school and life than any other educational intervention.（高质量的学前教育比任何其他教育干预都更有助于孩子在学校和生活中的机会）。A选项可排除。B选项“孩子们长大后心理往往是健康的”，可以定位到文章第三段and were less likely to have been in prison or divorced.（孩子们长大后入狱的机会小），因此可推测，接受学前教育的孩子们长大后心理更健康，B选项可排除。C选项“孩子们可以有一个更光明的未来”，文章第三段the kids who went to pre-school earned more, had better jobs（孩子们有更好的工作，更高的收入），因此推测，接受高质量学前教育的儿童，可能有一个更光明的未来，C选项可排除。因此D选项正确。3.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文中第三段第一、二句These success stories offer lessons for the rest of us. First, get children into school early. High-quality pre-schooling does more for a childs chances in school and life than any other educational intervention.（这些成功的故事为我们其他人提供了教训。首先，让孩子们早点上学。高质量的学前教育比任何其他教育干预都更有助于孩子在学校和生活中的机会）。A选项“接受良好和早期的学前教育”，符合文章所说的内容，儿童接受早期教育越早，越有助于获得成功，A选项正确。B选项“延长在学校的学习时间”，文章第四段提到KIPP students spend 60 percent more time in school than the average American students.（KIPP学生在学校的时间比普通美国学生多），这不是孩子成功的主要原因，可排除B选项。C选项“得到更多优秀教师的指导”，文章倒数第二段提到pour lots of effort to train teachers.（只是培训教师），可排除C选项。D选项“从老师那里得到面对面的帮助”，文章最后一段提到kids who start to struggle receive one-to-one support from their teachers.（开始有困难的会获得老师一对一的支持），但这不是孩子获得成功的根本原因，可排除D选项。因此A选项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文中第五段第二句Studies in the United States have shown that kids with the most effective teachers learn three times as much as those with the least effective（美国的研究表明，拥有最高效教师的孩子学到的东西是低效教师的三倍）。B选项“孩子们可以有更好的机会学到更多更好的东西”，符合文章内容，高效教师使孩子学得更多，B选项正确。A选项“孩子们喜欢严肃的老师”，文章没有提到此内容，排除A选项。C选项“好的老师可以创造一个快乐和轻松的环境”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除C选项。D选项“孩子们想要和老师保持良好的关系”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除D选项。因此B选项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。通读全文。A选项“家庭经济条件对孩子学习和生活成功的重要性”，文章第一段提到All over the world, your chances of success in school and life depend more on your family circumstances than on any other factor（在世界各地，你在学校和生活中取得成功的机会更多地取决于你的家庭环境，而不是其他任何因素），因此文章的主要内容，便是家庭环境对孩子成功的重要性，且围绕此观点展开，A选项正确。B选项“富裕家庭和贫困家庭孩子之间的成就差距”，文章只是部分内容提到这个观点，B选项可排除。C选项“一些国家在完全消除儿童之间的差距方面取得了成功”，文章只是说让孩子接受基础教育方面取得较大的进展，并不是完全消除差距，C选项可排除。D选项“如何缩小不同家庭背景的孩子之间的成绩差距”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除D。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题It is not compatible with the equalitarian ideal that there should be sharp differences in the scale of monetary reward for services performed. In New Zealand, care of the underdog has long since been a more important consideration than is the case in many other countries. Successive governments may claim with some justice to have abolished poverty, but this has not been done without there taking place a narrowing of margins between the rewards for skilled and unskilled labor, with its consequent denial of incentive to acquire skill, to strive for self-improvement. The countrys citizens have come to regard social security as their inalienable right, but by taking too readily for granted the States obligation towards themselves they are apt to lose sight of the converse proposition that they themselves have obligations to the State.The reluctance to reward skilled labor at rates calculated to provide an incentive for acquiring skill has its counterpart in the reluctance to remunerate the nations best scholars and scientists on a scale sufficient to keep a fair proportion of them at home.The fact is often deplored that so many young men of the highest ability prefer to take up a career overseas, but it is doubtful whether higher salaries would stem their exodus in more than a minor degree. Under any circumstances, regardless of monetary reward, the intellectual elite would be tempted to go abroad in search of a wider field of endeavor than can be found in so small a country as New Zealand.In a society where great wealth is regarded as antisocial, it is natural that ostentation should be looked at askance. Marks of distinction are liable to be handicap. For instance, the politician who accepts a title does not usually improve his chances of gaining or retaining office by doing so. Richard Seddon, it will be remembered, consistently and doubtless wisely, refused to accept a knighthood. Wealth carries with it a minimum of prestige; it is a positive disadvantage to the aspirant to a political career. Strongly marked individuality or eccentricity are seldom in evidence among New Zealanders, and even where they do exist, the qualities are tolerated rather than appreciated. The rule of conformity prevails, and if the American writer, Sydney Greenbie, is to be believed, it has already produced a considerable measure of standardization among the inhabitants of the Dominion. “In face and feature, in mind and taste,” writes Greenbie, “the modern New Zealanders are so much alike that it is hard to remember the names of persons you meet casually for lack of distinguishing characteristics to which the eye can cling.”Under conditions such as those described above, it is not surprising that no privileged class should have come into existence through long possession of landed estate or other permanent source of income. Nevertheless, the claim that New Zealanders have developed a classless society can scarcely be substantiated. Snobbery, when discouraged in one quarter, .is prone to appear in some new form elsewhere. Recent investigations by A. A. Congalton and R. J. Havighurst show that there is a fairly well defined and universal appreciation of the graduated social status attaching to various social occupations. Results of a survey in which a cross section of the public was asked to answer a series of apposite questions showed, for example, that doctors, lawyers, and big businessmen were graded above heads of Government Departments, clergymen, and university professors; that office workers rated higher than shop assistants, miners than wharf laborers, and so on. Incidentally, the investigation also brought to light the fact that any attempt to inquire into the existence of social distinctions within the community invariably roused resentment.A privileged class being also a leisured class, its rejection is in keeping with a deep-seated belief that work has a virtue in its own right, without regard to its usefulness. In pioneer days, when hands were few and subsistence hard to win, it was indeed a crime to remain idle, and the habit of seeing idleness as a vice has endured. At the beginning of the great slump, when Forbes the Prime Minister, shocked at what the had seen of the “dole” during a visit to England, declared that so long as he retained office there would be no payment without work, his words appealed to a moral precept deeply inculcated not only in the minds of reactionaries but of many radicals as well.1. One result of New Zealands effort to abolish poverty is _.2. Some high ability people prefer a career overseas because of _.3. Which of the following best describes the New Zealand society?4. New Zealand is not a classless society in that _.5. If people believe that work has a virtue in its own right, they will do all the following EXCEPT _.问题1选项A.sharp differences between the rich and the poorB.the egalitarian ideal becomes incompatibleC.care of the underdog becomes more importantD.skill learning and self-improvement are not desired问题2选项A.fierce competition at homeB.higher social status overseasC.more opportunities abroadD.monetary reward at home问题3选项A.OstentationB.EccentricityC.IndividualityD.Conformity问题4选项A.snobbery is discouraged everywhere in New ZealandB.people with more wealth seem to enjoy a high social statusC.the difference between the rich and the poor is greatD.New Zealanders dont have a permanent source of income问题5选项A.see idleness as a viceB.try their best not to be idleC.not accept a privileged classD.inquire into social distinctions【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文中第一段第三句Successive governments may claim with some justice to have abolished poverty, but this has not been done without there taking place a narrowing of margins between the rewards for skilled and unskilled labor, with its consequent denial of incentive to acquire skill, to strive for self-improvement（历届政府可能会不无道理地宣称已经消除了贫困，但这一切都发生在对熟练工人和非熟练工人的报酬差距缩小的情况下，这就剥夺了人们获得技能、追求自我提高的动力）。D选项“技能学习和自我提高都不受欢迎”，文章第一段提到，消除贫困的结果就是剥夺了人们获得技能，追求自我提高的动力，D选项正确。A选项“贫富之间的巨大差异”，文章没有提到此内容，可排除。C选项“照顾弱者变得更加重要”，文章所说，照顾弱者早已成为比其他许多国家更重要的考虑因素，而不是消除贫困所带来的结果，可排除。因此D选项正确。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文中第三段第一句The fact is often deplored that so many young men of the highest ability prefer to take up a career overseas, but it is doubtful whether higher salaries would stem their exodus in more than a minor degree（事实往往令人遗憾的是，如此多的最有能力的年轻人宁愿在海外工作，但更高的薪水是否能阻止他们离开，而不仅仅是一个次要学位，这是值得怀疑的）。C选项“更多的机会在国外”，从文章来看，文章提到无论金钱的高低，知识精英们都会被诱惑到国外去寻找比新西兰这样一个小国更广阔的领域，也就可以推测，海外有更多的机会，C选项的内容符合文章所说。A选项“国内竞争激烈”，文章没有提到这个内容，可排除。B选项“海外较高的社会地位”，文章没有提到此内容，B选项可排除。D选项“国内的金钱回报”，文章所说，无论经济回报的高低，知识精英们都会被诱惑到国外去，D选项可排除。因此C选项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段倒数第三句The rule of conformity prevails, and if the Ame