2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前模拟强化练习题58（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题It was broadcast on the radio that trains to the city were delayed due to the exceptionally heavy rain flooded a nearby area east of it.问题1选项A.on theB.toC.floodedD.east of it【答案】C【解析】考查语法。Due to后面只能跟名词、动名词或者名词性短语，所以flooded a nearby area east of it只能做heavy rain的定语，修饰heavy rain；而heavy rain和flood之间是主动的关系，所以不能用flooded，而要用flooding。句意：电台广播说，由于特大暴雨淹没了该市东部附近地区，前往该市的火车延误了。因此，该题选择C项。2. 翻译题艺术的最高境界是无技巧。我几十年前同一位朋友辩论时就说过：长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹，而我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺眼些。他说：“流传久远的作品是靠文学技巧流传，谁会关心百十年前的生活？”我不同意，我认为打动人心的还是作品中所反映的生活和主人公的命运。这仍然是在反对那些无中生有、混淆黑白的花言巧语。我最恨那些盗名欺世、欺骗读者的谎言。【答案】The highest state to which art can attain is artlessness. When arguing with this points with a friend several decades ago, I said, “Physically attractive people dont need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.” He replied, “Literary works have stood the test of time because of the skill with which they were written. Who today cares about the details of what life was like a hundred years ago?” I disagree and I believe readers are moved by the life reflected in a story and the fate of the chief characters. This mean I oppose fabrication, deception and flowery language. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.3. 单选题A future doctor should have a genuine desire to help people. He or she must develop good study habits to complete the years of arduous schooling ahead.问题1选项A.strictB.unusualC.enduringD.laborious【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。arduous表示“努力的，费力的，险峻的”；A项strict“严格的，绝对的，精确的”，B项unusual“不寻常的，与众不同的”，C项enduring“持久的，能忍受的”，D项laborious“艰苦的，费劲的，勤劳的”。句意：一个未来的医生应该有帮助别人的真诚愿望；他或她必须养成良好的学习习惯，以完成今后几年的艰苦学习。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。4. 单选题Negative data surprises have forced many to downgrade their forecasts for growth and policy implications, especially in the US.问题1选项A.rejectB.reduceC.reformD.reserve【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项reject“拒绝；排斥；抵制”；B选项reduce“减少；降低”；C选项reform“改革；革新”；D选项reserve“储备；保留；预约”。句意：出人意料的负面数据迫使许多人了对增长和政策影响的预测，尤其是在美国。由逻辑关系可知，主语Negative data surprises“出人意料的负面数据”会降低人们forecasts for growth and policy implications“对增长和政策影响的预测”。因此B选项符合题意。5. 单选题Every profession, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their old strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild. The lawyer, the physician, the scientist, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about itas in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.13. The authors main purpose in the passage is to _.14. According to the author, which of the following special vocabularies is understood by more people?15. When the author refers to professions as no longer being “closed guilds” he means that _.16. It seems that the passage implies _.问题1选项A.propose a solutionB.argue against a beliefC.describe a phenomenonD.provide entertainment问题2选项A.Medical vocabulary.B.Legal vocabulary.C.Political vocabulary.D.Agricultural vocabulary.问题3选项A.it is much easier to become a professional today than it was in the pastB.there is more social interaction between professionals and othersC.popular science has told their secrets to the worldD.anyone can now understand anything in a profession问题4选项A.the words of the English language are always changingB.one can never be sure of what a word means without consulting an expertC.like English, all languages are becoming more and more technicalD.technical terms in most non-scientific fields have little chance of becoming part of the main body of the language【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A【解析】13. 【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。段首句Every profession, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature.（每一种职业、每一种艺术、每一门科学都有它的专业词汇，其作用部分是用来指定在普通英语中没有名称的事物或过程，部分是为了确保命名的更精确。）与结尾句Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.（因此，我们的日常用语总是会接受新的技术术语，并使它们变得司空见惯。）扫描全文可知，文中主要对技术术语现象进行了介绍和描述。因此C选项“描述一种现象”正确，符合题意。A选项“提出一种解决方案”，B选项“辩论一种看法”，D选项“提供娱乐”均不符合题意，可排除。故选C。14. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。第二段中谈及In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old.（在贸易、手工业和其他职业中，例如农业和渔业，这些从遥远的时代就占据了大量的人口，技术词汇非常古老。）以及后文Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities.（因此，尽管这些词汇（农业和渔业）的词汇在许多细节上具有很高的技术性，但它们在读音上更为人所熟知，也比大多数其他技术性词汇更为通俗易懂。）由此可知，让更多人知道的特殊表达应该是与农业和渔业有关的词汇。因此D选项“农业词汇”正确，符合题意。A选项“医学词汇”，B选项“法律词汇”，C选项“政治词汇”均不符合题意，可排除。故选D。15. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由关键词定位在最后一段Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild.（然而，如今没有一种职业像所有职业曾经那样，是一个封闭的公会。）The lawyer, the physician, the scientist, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.（律师和物理学家，以及科学家和牧师能自由地与同伴结交，并且在专业区域之外也能会面。）Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries.（此外，被称为通俗科学的东西使得每个人都熟悉时髦的观点和最近的发现。）因此，不再是closed guilds“封闭的公会”是因为现在不同专业的人之间也可以互相交流了。因此B选项“专业人员和其它人之间有更多的社交互动”正确，符合题意。A选项“如今相比过去更容易变成一位专业人员”，C选项“大众科学已经将他们的秘密告知了世界”，D选项“任何人如今都能理解一个专业方面的任何事情”，均不符合题意，可排除。故选B。16. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。定位在最后一段Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.（因此，我们的通用语一直在吸收新的技术术语，并让它们变成通用语）。可以知道我们所说的通用语都是将新的词汇融入后而形成的。因此A选项“英语语言词汇一直都在变化”正确，符合题意。B选项“在不咨询专家的情况下，一个人从不能确定一个单词的意思”，C选项“如英语一样，所有的语言正变得越来越专业”，D选项“大多数非科学领域的技术术语很少有机会变成语言主体的一部分”。B，C，D选项均未在文中提及，可排除。故选A。6. 单选题Research shows that many voters who havent yet made up their minds are _ towards the Democrats.问题1选项A.tiltingB.skiddingC.transferringD.sliding【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项tilt“倾斜，翘起，俯仰（摄影机）”，B项skid“刹住，使减速，滚滑”，C项transfer“转让，转接，移交”，D项slide“滑动，平稳地走，悄悄移动”。根据句子意思“研究表明，许多尚未做出决定的选民都向民主党”可知，tilt符合语境，tilt towards表示“偏向，向倾斜”。句意：研究表明，许多尚未下定决心的选民正倾向于民主党。因此，该题选择A项正确。7. 单选题Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, underdeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, underdeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.1. The author says that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found _.2. According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _.3. The author says that professional linguists recognize that _.4. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题1选项A.nowhere todayB.among the Australian aboriginesC.among Eastern culturesD.among people speaking “backward” languages问题2选项A.the potential for expanding vocabularyB.their own sound patternsC.an ability to transfer ideasD.grammatical structures问题3选项A.Western languages are superior to Eastern languagesB.all languages come from grunts and groansC.the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understandD.there is no hierarchy of languages32. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题4选项A.The study of languages has discredited anthropological studies.B.The study of languages has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among cultures.C.The study of languages is the same as the study of anthropologists.D.The study of languages casts a new light upon the claim of anthropologists.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式可以在中找到”。根据第三段中的第二句While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today.（虽然语言一般来说可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对“落后”语言的研究确立了这一事实，那就是如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符）可知，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在如今是找不到了，A项“在如今无处可寻”正确；B项“澳大利亚土著居民中”和C项“在东方文化中”文中都没有提及；D项“在说落后语言的人中”，文中提到对“落后”语言的研究确立了“如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符”这一事实，所以咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在说落后语言的人中也不会找到。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为，无论文明与否，语言都有”。根据第三段中的Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakersAll languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system.（以我们最严格的标准来看，未开化群体的大多数语言都是极其复杂、精巧和巧妙的传递思想的机器。它们落后于我们的西方语言，不是在这些通常足以满足所有的语言需求的发音模式或语法结构上，而是在它们的词汇上，这些词汇反映了说话者所知道的对象和活动所有的语言似乎都拥有扩大词汇量的机制，要么把现有的词汇组合在一起，要么从其他语言中借用它们，并将它们适应于自己的系统。）可知，无论文明与否，语言拥有扩大词汇量的机制，A项“扩大词汇量的潜力”符合题意；由此也可知，B项“它们自己的发音模式”和D项“语法结构”不正确；C项“传递思想的能力”为干扰项，语言虽然是传递思想的一种方式，但是词汇才是反映说话者所知道的对象和活动，这是以词汇为前提的。因此，该题选择A项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，专业语言学家认识到”。根据文章第二段To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.（对于专业的人类学家来说，一种文化并不比另一种文化有内在的优越性，就像对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间没有内在的等级制度一样）可知，D项“没有语言的等级制度”符合题意；由此也可知C项“语言的层次体系很难理解”是错误的；A项“西方语言优于东方语言”，文中没有提到东方语言；B项“所有的语言都来自咕哝和呻吟”表述太绝对。因此，该题选择D项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示了下列哪一项？”。根据文章最后一段的内容This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（对语言的研究反过来又为人类学家的这一主张提供了新的解释，即所有的文化都可以独立看待，没有等级和等级观念）可以推断，关于人类学家主张的文化没有等级观念的这一观点，语言的研究提供了新的解释，所以B项“对语言的研究加强了人类学家的观点，即文化之间不存在等级制度”是正确的；A项“语言研究败坏了人类学研究的声誉”和C项“研究语言就像研究人类学家一样”不能从文中找出相关信息；D项“对语言的研究使人们对人类学家的主张有了新的认识”是文中有的信息，并不需要从文章中推断出来，所以不符合题意。因此，该题选择B项正确。8. 单选题Although the Arab cutbacks represented a loss of less than 7 percent in world supply, they created panic on the part of oil companies, consumers, oil traders, and some governments.问题1选项A.frightB.deficitC.strainD.misfortune【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。panic表示“恐慌，惊慌”；A项fright“惊吓，惊骇”，B项deficit“赤字，不足额”，C项strain“张力，拉紧，负担”，D项misfortune“不幸，灾祸，灾难”。句意：尽管阿拉伯的减产代表着全球供应减少了不到7%，但却引起了石油公司、消费者、石油交易商和一些政府的恐慌。因此，根据句意可知A选项正确。9. 单选题Since the 1970s, the safety of athletic equipment has been monitored by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment.问题1选项A.regulatedB.advocatedC.recalledD.supervised【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。monitor表示“监控”；A项regulate“调节，规定，控制”，B项advocate“提倡，拥护，为辩护”，C项recall“召回，回想起，记起”，D项supervise“监督，管理，指导”。句意：自20世纪70年代以来，运动器材的安全一直受到国家运动器材标准运行委员会的监控。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。10. 单选题Franks remark that he was “slightly bruised” in the accident is a/an _; he suffered two fractured ribs.问题1选项A.synecdocheB.metonymyC.understatementD.personification【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项synecdoche“提喻法”，B项metonymy“转喻”，C项understatement“保守的陈述，不充分的陈述”，D项personification“人格化，化身，拟人法”。根据he suffered two fractured ribs“他两根肋骨骨折”可知，Franks remark that he was “slightly bruised” in the accident is a/an _表示的是“弗兰克说他在事故中有轻微擦伤只是保守的陈述”。句意：弗兰克说他在事故中有“轻微瘀伤”是轻描淡写的；他两根肋骨骨折。因此，该题选择C项正确。11. 单选题Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comets surface in order to reveal the core and give some _ to the origin of the solar system.问题1选项A.sourcesB.interpretationsC.cluesD.observations【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项source“来源，水源，原始资料”，B项interpretation“解释，翻译，演出”，C项clue“线索，（故事等的）情节”，D项observation“观察，监视，观察报告”。根据give some _ to the origin of the solar system“为太阳系的起源提供一些”可知，“线索”符合语境。句意：科学家们希望这次碰撞将在彗星表面产生一个巨大的陨石坑，以便揭示其核心，并为太阳系的起源提供一些线索。因此，该题选择C项正确。12. 单选题For Saint Paul, conscience brings not only illumination but also agony: It relentlessly exposes the inner battle that human beings must wage against their own impulses.问题1选项A.insightB.distressC.reflectionD.stimulus【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。agony表示“苦恼，极大的痛苦”；A项insight“洞察力，洞悉”，B项distress“危难，不幸，贫困”，C项reflection“反射，沉思”，D项stimulus“刺激，激励，刺激物”。句意：对圣保罗来说，良心带来的不仅仅是光明，也带来了痛苦：它无情地揭露了人类必须与自己的冲动进行的内心斗争。因此，根据句意可知B选项正确。13. 单选题Actors on stage bring characters to full life, who would _ have lain inert/powerless on the printed page.问题1选项A.thereofB.neverthelessC.furthermoreD.otherwise【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。A项thereof“它的，由此，在其中”，B项nevertheless“然而，不过，虽然如此”，C项furthermore“此外，而且”，D项otherwise“否则，另外，在其他方面”。由bring characters to full life“把角色赋予生命”和have lain inert/powerless on the printed page“静静地呆在书面上”可知，前后意义相对，故otherwise符合语境。句意：舞台上的演员使人物栩栩如生，否则这些人物就会毫无生气地躺在纸上。因此，该题选择D项正确。14. 单选题Needless to say, the terrorist attacks on September 11 _ the whole nation into extreme horror, and could very likely affect the course of human history.问题1选项A.escalatedB.plungedC.convertedD.drowsed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项escalate“逐步增强，逐步升高”，B项plunge“使突然地下落，猛插，骤降，陡峭地向下倾斜”，C项convert“使转变，转换”，D项drowse“使昏昏欲睡，昏昏沉沉地消磨（时光）”。从句子结构来看，缺少谓语动词，且后面接介词into，由extreme horror“极度恐慌”可知，plungeinto“使陷入”符合语境。句意：不用说，911恐怖袭击让整个国家陷入了极度恐慌，很可能会影响人类历史的进程。因此，该题选择B项正确。15. 单选题Snow began to fall at round about the beginning of the New Year and continued on and off for _ ten days.问题1选项A.appropriatelyB.exceedinglyC.approximatelyD.apprehensively【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A项appropriately“适当地，合适地，相称地”，B项exceedingly“非常，极其，极度地”，C项approximately“大约，近似地，近于”，D项apprehensively“担心地”。由ten days“10天”可知，“大约地”符合语境。句意：大约在新年伊始就下起了雪，断断续续下了大约十天。因此，该题选择C项正确。16. 单选题The lost car of the Lees was found _ in the woods off the highway.问题1选项A.vanishedB.scatteredC.disregardedD.abandoned【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项vanish“消失，突然不见，成为零”，B项scatter“撒播，散开，散布”，C项disregard“忽视，无视，不尊重”，D项abandon“遗弃，离开，放弃”。根据句子可知，空格部分是动词的过去分词做宾语补足语，与The lost car“丢失的汽车”形成被动关系，四个选项中只有abandon符合语境。句意：Lee的那辆丢失的汽车被发现遗弃在高速公路旁的树林里。因此，该题选择D项正确。17. 单选题_ designed to help poor African consumers, the beef program is really aimed at helping rich European farmers.问题1选项A.OstensiblyB.ConstantlyC.UltimatelyD.Furtively【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A项ostensibly“表面上，外表”，B项constantly“不断地，时常地”，C项ultimately“最后，根本，基本上”，D项furtively“偷偷地，暗中地”。由the beef program is really aimed at helping rich European farmers“牛肉项目实际上是为了帮助富有的欧洲农民”可知，前后语义上是转折关系，那么与really“实际上”相对的是ostensibly“表面上”。句意：这个牛肉项目表面上是为了帮助贫穷的非洲消费者，实际上是为了帮助富裕的欧洲农民。因此，该题选择A项正确。18. 单选题Humans are forever forgetting that they cant control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a Time magazine cover story announced that “scientists are on the verge of being able to predict the time, place and even the size of earthquakes”. The people of quake ruined Kobe(神户) learned last week how wrong that assertion was.None of the methods raised two decades ago have succeeded. Even now, scientists have yet to discover a uniform warning signal that precedes all quakes, let alone any sign that would till whether the coming quake is mild or a killer. Earthquake formation can be trigged by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist at the California Institute of Technology. So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impossible. One reason: Quakes start deep in the earth, so scientists cant study them directly.If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes