2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷45

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The Ministry of Education on Sunday issued a statement on college enrollment in 2015, which consists of 26 bans on inappropriate（ ）including prescribing the male to female ratio at a university admission without approval.问题1选项A.stressB.arrangementC.conductD.recruitment【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项stress表示“压力，强调，重要性”，B选项arrangement表示“布置，整理，准备，安排”，C选项conduct表示“行为举止；管理（方式），实施（办法）；引导”，D选项recruitment表示“招收，招聘；（自然种群）增长；募集（反应、现象）”。后文中关键信息“including prescribing the male to female ratio at a university admission without approval”是对空缺处名词的解释，表示“包括未经批准在大学入学时规定男女比例”。由此可知，这些禁令是有关不当招生的，因此本题正确答案为D选项。2. 单选题The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today -summed up, not altogether accurately, as “research and development”. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870，but even then much of what passed for the application of science was “engineering science” rather than basic science. Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness -if not understanding of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage?2. The “list” mentioned in line 13 refers to（ ）.3. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century-is based on which of the following?4. Why does the author mention “consultants” in line 26?5. Which of the following statements does the passage support?问题1选项A.To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industryB.To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industriesC.To show how technology influenced basic scienceD.To argue that basic science has no practical application问题2选项A.types of scientific knowledgeB.changes brought by technologyC.industries that used scientific techniquesD.applications of engineering science问题3选项A.Engineering science is not very important.B.Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.C.The relationship between research and development should be criticized.D.Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.问题4选项A.To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professionsB.To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do notC.To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied scienceD.To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work问题5选项A.The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.B.Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.C.Industries should spend less money on research and development.D.Science and technology are becoming more separate.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.作者意图题。由文章开头“The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today -summed up, not altogether accurately, as “research and development”Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. 科学、技术和工业之间的相互关系在今天被认为是理所当然的不能完全准确地概括为“研究和开发”即使在当今这个大规模、密集的研究和开发的时代，这个过程中所涉及的相互关系也常常被误解。”以及本文最后一句“In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional. 总之，科技-工业关系可能以几种不同的方式流动，它所遵循的特定渠道取决于个人情况。它有时甚至是多向的。”可知作者开头即点明人们对科学，技术，工业的相互关系的误解，最后一句也点明这三者之间正变得越来越疏远。作者的意图在于澄清人们对这三者之间的误解。故A项正确。2.词义题。由题干定位到“Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870直到19世纪后期，只有少数几个行业能够使用科学技术或关心使用它们。1870年后，这一名单显著扩大”由此可知list是指代上文提到的“使用科学技术的行业”。故C项正确。3.细节试题题。由题干定位到“Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness -if not understanding of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. 尽管如此，到19世纪中叶，科学知识和公众意识（如果不是理解的话）的迅速扩展使人们相信，科学的进步将以某种未指明的方式自动地产生经济效益。由此可知人们相信科学进步能够带来经济效益。故D项正确。4.判断推理题。由题干定位到“Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. 相反地，主要从事基础研究的科学家也担任顾问，从事以实际方式应用研究的项目。”从事基础研究的科学家也兼顾应用研究，可知作者想表明科学家对应用研究的贡献。故C项正确。5.判断推理题。由本文最后一句“In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional. 总之，科学-技术-工业关系可能以几种不同的方式流动，它所遵循的特定渠道取决于个人情况。它有时甚至是多向的。”可知D项“科学和技术正变得越来越分离开”与该内容相符。故D项正确。A项与此内容不符。B项“基本科学研究不能产生实际应用”文中没提到；C项“工业应该在研究和发展上少花点钱”文中也没提到。3. 单选题To reduce the financial pressure facing the company, its management has decided on（ ）expenditure cuts.问题1选项A.modestB.sweepingC.tangibleD.considerate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。modest谦虚的；sweeping大规模的；tangible有形的，切实的；considerate体贴的，大量的。由前半句的financial pressure可知公司会削减开支。故B项符合句意。句意：为了减小公司面临的财务压力,其管理层决定大规模地削减开支。4. 单选题Scientists speculate that（ ）population growth and dwindling resources may force human beings to look to the sea for food.问题1选项A.unavoidableB.unexpectedC.unrestrainedD.uncommon【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。unavoidable不可避免的；unexpected意外的，意想不到的；unrestrained无限制的；uncommon不常见的。由后面的结果“人类将转到海洋去寻求食物”可推知原因是无限制的人口增长以及资源的不断减少。故C项正确。句意：科学家预测无限制的人口增长以及不断减少的自然资源将迫使人类往海洋寻求食物。5. 单选题From the history, we can see, even the smallest diplomatic incident can（ ） a major international conflict.问题1选项A.animateB.energizeC.triggerD.prompt【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。animate使有生气；energize激励；使活跃；trigger触发；prompt鼓励，促进。根据题干内容可猜测：小小的外交事故可能会诱发重大的国际冲突。句意：从历史上我们可以看到，即使是最小的外交事件也可能诱发重大的国际冲突。6. 单选题The first stroke guidelines to specifically target women（ ）prevention earlier in life and recognize unique female risks for the disorder, including pregnancy and birth control pills.问题1选项A.neglectB.avoidC.emphasizeD.admire【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。neglect忽视；avoid避免；emphasize强调；admire钦佩，赞美。由“and recognize认识到女性患这种疾病的独特风险”可知_ prevention earlier in life也是积极性的内容，C项符合句意。句意：第一份针对早期预防女性中风的指南强调女性应该早期预防，并认识到女性患中风的独特风险，包括怀孕和避孕药。7. 单选题Even though Cochran beat McDaniel by more 6,000 votes in the national election, the latter didnt（ ）, complaining that African Americans voting for Cochran lost him the race.问题1选项A.tangleB.concedeC.tormentD.stalk【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项tangle表示“（和）争吵；打架；使缠结在一起”；B选项concede表示“让步，承认，退让”；C选项torment表示“折磨，痛苦，捉弄”；D选项stalk表示“追踪，偷偷接近”。根据even though可判断前后两句为让步关系，由后文“complaining that African Americans voting for Cochran lost him the race”可知，McDaniel抱怨是非洲裔美国人投票给Cochran才导致他输掉了竞选，说明他依然对这件事耿耿于怀，可见他并不承认失败。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。8. 单选题Since 1813, reaction to Jane Austens novels has oscillated between adoration and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary（ ）.问题1选项A.admirersB.readersC.followersD.contemporaries【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。admirer爱慕者，赞赏者；reader读者；follower追随者；contemporary同代人。由but可知后半句的态度与前半句相反，前半句的评价是在喜爱与勉强凑合之间徘徊，后面对简的作品的评价是比1813那个时代的评价要高。故该句将1813这个时代的作家与later writers 对简作品的评价作对比。故D项正确。句意：自1813年以来，人们对简奥斯汀小说的反应在崇拜和勉强凑合之间摇摆不定;但总的来说，后来的作家对她的作品的评价比与她同时代大多数的作家的评价要高。9. 翻译题For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the blast twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rises over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.Then for a while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and, perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it was a person.It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.【答案】对我来说，独自生活最有趣的事情是生活变得越来越有价值，我已经这样独自生活了二十年。正如我大多数日子做的那样，当我醒来，看着太阳从海平面升起，我已经提前知道了这一整天（的计划），不会被打搅，写几页文字，和我的狗散步，读读书，听听音乐，我充满了幸福。当我过度劳累、长时间不间断地工作或者一时感到空虚需要充实时，我就会感到孤独。有时，当我结束了演讲之旅回到家中，我会感到孤独，因为我见了很多人，说了很多话，心里充满了需要整理的经历。之后有那么一段时间，我觉得房子又大又空，不知道自己藏在了哪里。我只得给植物浇浇水，或许再像看人一样，看看它们的千姿百态，慢慢地找回自我。有那么一小会儿，我看着那喷泉里飞溅的浪花，但当世界逐渐消失时，那一刻就来临了，自我又从潜意识的深处再次浮现，带着这几天的经历去探究，然后慢慢领悟。10. 单选题Thank you for applying for a position with our firm. We do not have any openings at this time, but we shall keep your application on（ ）for two months.问题1选项A.pileB.segmentC.fileD.sequence【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。keep on file存档。句意：谢谢你申请我们公司的职位。目前我们公司职位空缺,但我们会将您的申请保存两个月。故C项正确。11. 翻译题在某种物理障碍物的后面，人们会感到安全。如果一种社会场景在某种方式上具有威胁性，那么就有必要设立这样的一种障碍。当一个小孩面对陌生人时，它会躲在母亲的身后，然后偷偷地观察闯入者下一少做什么。如果母亲不在身边，椅子或者其他的家具之类的东西也可以，那么小孩面对陌生人的问题就会得到解决。如果陌生人坚持地向它靠近，那张窥探的面孔也会一起藏起來。如果这位不敏感的闯入者继续靠 近的话，虽然孩子已经明显表现出恐惧，那么小孩可能别无选择地哭泣或逃跑。这种模式随着孩子的成熟，会逐渐地减少。但是在少女中，仍然可以发现他们咯咯笑的时候会用手或纸捂着面孔。在我们成年之后，童年时期的躲藏以及青少年时期的害羞在我们勇敢地见我们的客人、同伴、亲戚、同事以及客户的时候，就会全部地消失。【答案】【参考译文】Behind some kind of physical barrier, people feel safe. If a social scenario is threatening in some way, it is necessary to erect such a barrier. When a child faces a stranger, it hides behind its mother and secretly watches what the intruder does next. If the mother isnt around, a chair or other piece of furniture will do, and the childs problem with strangers will be solved. If the stranger persisted in approaching it, the peeping face would hide with him. If the insensitive intruder continues to approach, the child may have no choice but to cry or run away, even though fear is already evident.This pattern diminishes as the child grows up. But among teenage girls, they can still be found giggling with their hands or paper over their faces. After we reach adulthood, the hiding of childhood and the shyness of adolescence all disappear when we bravely meet our guests, companions, relatives, colleagues and clients.12. 单选题For years Kaufer, an associate professor at U.C. Berkeley, has been working on how stress affects the brain and body, and the complexity of the（ ）instinct to fight or flee.问题1选项A.ethicalB.militaryC.politicalD.human【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项ethical表示“伦理的，道德的”；B选项military表示“军事的，军人的”；C选项political表示“政治的，党派的”；D选项human表示“人的，人类的”。分析句意可知，这位副教授一直都致力于研究压力如何影响大脑和身体，以及人类战斗和逃跑本能的复杂性。因此human的词义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为D选项。13. 单选题“We plan to put the First World War on stage, said the film producer,”（ ）we forget the 16 million men from around the world who left for a real war 100 years ago and never came home.问题1选项A.lestB.whenC.whileD.unless【答案】A【解析】考查连词。lest以防；when当时候；while尽管，当时候；unless除非。句意：“我们计划把第一次世界大战搬上舞台，”这位电影制片人说，“以免我们忘记了来自世界各地的1600万人，他们在100年前参加了一场真正的战争，但再也没能回家。”前半句是结果，后半句是目的，只有A项符合逻辑。14. 单选题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game of espionage spying as a profession. These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it open-source intelligence, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its .merely of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying（covering-nations from Chile to RussiA. to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford .com.Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine, says Friedman, a former political science professor. And well hear back from some of them. Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military- intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.1. The emergence of the Net has（ ）.2. The text mentions Donovans story to（ ）.3. The most probable meaning of making the biggest splash（Line 1, Paragraph 3）is（ ）.4. Paragraph 4 suggests that（ ）.5. Straitford is most proud of its（ ）.问题1选项A.received support from fans like DonovanB.remolded the intelligence servicesC.restored many common pastimesD.revived spying as a profession问题2选项A.honor his unique services to the CIAB.show how he fought for the USC.give an episode of the information warD.introduce the topic of online spying问题3选项A.causing the biggest troubleB.exerting the greatest effortC.achieving the greatest successD.enjoying the widest popularity问题4选项A.Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable informationB.Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC.Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD.Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved true问题5选项A.official statusB.efficient staffC.nonconformist imageD.military background【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段最后一句“These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.”可知，网络已经改变了购书和寄信等日常消遣方式，也正在重塑多诺万的职业。而有上文可知，多诺万早前从事的是情报工作，所以网络的出现重塑了情报工作。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。2.推理判断题。文章的开始通过介绍多诺万的故事引入了话题“网络的出现重塑了情报工作”。之后又介绍了网络对于信息搜集和分享的影响，由此可以判断作者提到多诺万的故事就是为了引入话题。故本题正确答案为D选项“引入网上间谍的话题”。3.词汇题。通过上下文语境以及句意可知，这家公司在情报分析领域名声大噪，取得了巨大成功。因此C选项含义与“making the biggest splash”含义最为接近，都表示取得了很大成功，因此本题正确答案为C选项。4.推理判断题。由原文第四段可知，网络是一种信息收集和发布相互强化的工具。公司可以从世界的角落收集数据，而在发布相关报告后，又会有人予以回复，反馈最新情况，所以由此可知，网络的存在使得Straiford公司能够提供可靠有可信度的信息。因此本文正确答案为A选项。5.细节事实题。由原文最后一句“Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.”可知，斯特雷福德为自己的独立声音感到自豪。说明斯特雷福德公司敢于发声，不落俗套，从不墨守成规。因此本题正确答案为C选项。15. 单选题It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors7 names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD. has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typica