2022年考博英语-江苏大学考试名师点拨押题密卷58（含答案详解）

2022年考博英语-江苏大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 单选题Learning how to think critically, do research, communicate, and improve writing skill, is all in preparation for a _ college curriculum.问题1选项A.cautiousB.prestigiousC.variousD.rigorous【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. cautious小心的；谨慎的 B. prestigious有威望的；声誉高的C. various各种不同的；各种各样的 D. rigorous谨慎的；细致的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】按照句意“学习如何批判性地思考、做研究、交流和提高写作技巧，这些都是为一门_大学课程做准备”可知，学习思考、研究、交流和写作技巧都是作为一门严谨的大学课程所必备的，所以空格处表示“严谨的，严格的”符合句意，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。【句意】学习如何批判性地思考、做研究、交流和提高写作技巧，这些都是为一门严格的大学课程做准备。2. 单选题What we call nature is, _, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places.问题1选项A.in common senseB.from a senseC.by the senseD.in a sense【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. in common sense普通常识 B. from a sense从一种感觉C. by the sense凭感觉 D. in a sense在某种意义上【考查点】插入语。【解题思路】分析句子可知，句子结构意义完整，而空格处位于系动词和表语之间，且用逗号隔开，可推知空格处填入一个插入语，按照句意“我们所称的自然，_，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影响的过程中所发生的变化的总和”可知，空格处填入D项符合句意，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项都不符合句意。【句意】从某种意义上说，我们所称的自然，就是一切不同的生物和自然力在其相互作用和相互影响的过程中所发生的变化的总和。3. 单选题You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it _ undrinkable.问题1选项A.becameB.had becomeC.has becomeD.becomes【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. became成为了 B. had become已经成为C. has become成为 D. becomes成为【考查点】时态。【解题思路】根据should have done可知，此处是虚拟语气，表示本应该做却没做，而牛奶已经变质不能喝了，是过去发生的动作对现在造成影响，所以空格处用现在完成时，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项时态不符合。【句意】你本应该把牛奶放进冰箱的，我想它已经不能喝了。4. 单选题The foreign student in China is _ with a good deal of Chinese culture.问题1选项A.scatteredB.overflowedC.permeatedD.manipulated【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. scattered分散的；零散的 B. overflowed溢出的；挤满的C. permeated全面影响；弥漫D. manipulated操作；控制【考查点】形容词和动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息with a good deal of Chinese culture（丰富的中国文化）可推知，中国的留学生受到中国文化的影响，故该题选择C项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意。【句意】在中国的外国学生深受中国文化的熏陶。5. 单选题Literacy in the country has increased, with the literate proportion of the population rising to 52.1% from 43.6% a decade ago.问题1选项A.influentialB.educatedC.diligentD.sophisticated【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. influential有很大影响的 B. educated受过教育的C. diligent孜孜不倦的；勤勉的 D. sophisticated见多识广的；老练的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】literacy表示“读写能力”，literate是literacy的形容词形式，那么literate表示“有读写能力的”，即受过教育的，B项词义与之相近，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】该国的识字率有所提高，识字人口比例从十年前的43.6%上升到52.1%。6. 单选题Certainly every school _ high priority to the quality of teaching.问题1选项A.ascribesB.refersC.reconcilesD.accords【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. ascribes把归因于；认为是 B. refers提到，谈到C. reconciles调和；和解 D. accords（与）一致，符合【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据high priority（高优先级）和the quality of teaching（教学质量）可知，此句应该表示学校教学质量是高优先级，结合to可知，ascribe to表示“认为是；归因于”符合句意，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】当然，每个学校都对教学质量高度重视。7. 单选题If all the viruses on the planet were to disappear, a global catastrophe would supervene, and the natural ecosystems of the earth would collapse.问题1选项A.contaminateB.ensueC.disperseD.hamstring【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. contaminate污染；弄脏 B. ensue接着发生；因而产生C. disperse分散，散开 D. hamstring妨碍；使不能正常工作【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息the natural ecosystems of the earth would collapse（地球的自然生态系统将会崩溃）可知，该句说的是因为所有的病毒消失而相继产生的后果，那么a global catastrophe would supervene表示的是“全球性的灾难将会发生”，supervene在句中表示“发生”的意思，B项词义与之相近，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】如果地球上所有的病毒都消失了，一场全球性的灾难将会发生，地球的自然生态系统将会崩溃。8. 单选题With the advent of new technologies, trash recycling is becoming an increasing _ option for waste disposal.问题1选项A.controversialB.flexibleC.feasibleD.impractical【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. controversial引起争论的；有争议的 B. flexible灵活的；可变动的C. feasible可行的；行得通的 D. impractical不现实的；手不灵巧的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词trash recycling（垃圾回收）和waste disposal（废物处理）可知，_ option指的是“可行的方法”，故该题选择C项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意。【句意】随着新技术的出现，垃圾回收正成为一种日益可行的废物处理方法。9. 单选题I got up so late this morning 1 had to cook up some excuse about my car breaking down.问题1选项A.initiateB.challengeC.inventD.appreciate【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. initiate开始；发起 B. challenge挑战C. invent发明；编造 D. appreciate欣赏；赏识【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词some excuse（一些借口）可知，cook up表示“编造”的意思，C项词义与之相近，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】我今天早上起得这么晚，我不得不编造一些借口，说我的车坏了。10. 不定项选择题You hear the refrain all the time: the U. S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesnt feel good. Why doesnt ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness? It is a question that dates at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97.The Affluent Society is a modern classic because it helped define a new moment in the human condition. For most of history, “hunger, sickness, and cold” threatened nearly everyone, Galbraith wrote. “Poverty was found everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours.” After World War , the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s unemployment had averaged 18.2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4.5 percent.To Galbraith, materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent. Through advertising, companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didnt really want or need. Because so much spending was artificial, it would be unfulfilling. Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctivelyand wronglylabeled government only as “a necessary evil”.Its often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing still or falling behind. Well, there are many undeserving, richoverpaid chief executives, for instance. But over any meaningful period, most peoples incomes are increasing. From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200. People feel “squeezed” because their rising incomes often dont satisfy their rising wantsfor bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Internet connections.The other great frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as part of their standard of living. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers fear theyve become “the disposable American”, as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same name.Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty, the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian possibilities. Up to a point, affluence succeeds. There is much less physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions.Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens. But the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order. Affluence liberates the individual, promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment. But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences, including family breakdown and obesity. Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes.Should we be surprised? Not really. Weve simply reaffirmed an old truth: the pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness.1. What question does John Kenneth Galbraith raise in his book The Affluent Society?2. According to Galbraith, people feel discontented because _.3. Why do people feel squeezed when their average income rises considerably?4. What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American” (Para.5) ?5. What has affluence brought to American society?问题1选项A.Why statistics dont tell the truth about the economy.B.Why affluence doesnt guarantee happiness.C.How happiness can be promoted today.D.What lies behind an economic boom.问题2选项A.public spending hasnt been cut down as expectedB.the government has proved to be a necessary evilC.they are in fear of another Great DepressionD.materialism has run wild in modern society问题3选项A.Their material pursuits have gone far ahead of their earnings.B.Their purchasing power has dropped markedly with inflation.C.The distribution of wealth is uneven between the rich and the poor.D.Heath care and educational Cost have somehow gone out of control.问题4选项A.Those who see job stability as part of their living standard.B.People full of utopian ideas resulting from affluence.C.People who have little say in American politics.D.Workers who no longer have secure jobs.问题5选项A.Renewed economic security.B.A sense of self-fulfilment.C.New conflicts and complaints.D.Misery and anti-social behavior.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】1. What question does John Kenneth Galbraith raise in his book The Affluent Society? 1. 约翰肯尼斯加尔布雷斯在他的富裕社会一书中提出了什么问题？A. Why statistics dont tell the truth about the economy. A. 为什么统计数据不能反映经济的真相。B. Why affluence doesnt guarantee happiness. B. 为什么富裕并不能保证幸福。C. How happiness can be promoted today. C. 如何在今天提升幸福。D. What lies behind an economic boom. D. 经济繁荣背后的原因。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第二、三句“为什么越来越多的财富不能带来越来越多的幸福呢？这个问题至少可以追溯到1958年约翰肯尼斯加尔布雷斯所著的富裕社会一书。”理解可知，约翰肯尼斯加尔布雷斯在他的富裕社会一书中提出了为什么越来越多的财富不能带来越来越多的幸福这个问题，B项“为什么富裕并不能保证幸福”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“为什么统计数据不能反映经济的真相”、C项“如何在今天提升幸福”和D项“经济繁荣背后的原因”都不是在富裕社会一书中提出的问题，这三项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】2. According to Galbraith, people feel discontented because _. 2. 加尔布雷斯认为，人们感到不满是因为_。A. public spending hasnt been cut down as expected A. 公共支出并没有像预期的那样被削减B. the government has proved to be a necessary evil B. 政府已经被证明是必定邪恶C. they are in fear of another Great Depression C. 他们担心另一场大萧条D. materialism has run wild in modern society D. 现代社会物质主义泛滥成风【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“在加尔布雷斯看来，物质主义已经变得非常疯狂（materialism had gone mad），并且会滋生不满情绪”理解可知，人们感到不满是因为物质主义泛滥，该题选择D项“现代社会物质主义泛滥成风”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“公共支出并没有像预期的那样被削减”根据第三段最后一句“与此同时，本可以让每个人生活更好的政府开支却被削减了，因为人们本能地且错误地将政府贴上了必定邪恶的标签”可知，公共支出被削减了，该项属于反向干扰；B项“政府已经被证明是一个必要的邪恶”，这只是人们为政府贴的标签，与人们不满无关，该项属于曲解原文；C项“他们担心另一场大萧条”没有提到，该项属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】3. Why do people feel squeezed when their average income rises considerably? 3. 为什么当平均收入大幅增长时，人们会感到压力？A. Their material pursuits have gone far ahead of their earnings. A. 他们的物质追求远远超过了他们的收入。B. Their purchasing power has dropped markedly with inflation. B. 他们的购买力随着通货膨胀而明显下降。C. The distribution of wealth is uneven between the rich and the poor. C. 财富在富人和穷人之间分配不均。D. Heath care and educational Cost have somehow gone out of control. D. 医疗保健和教育费用不知何故已失去控制。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第四段最后一句“人们感到被挤压，因为他们不断增长的收入往往无法满足他们不断增长的需求更大的房子，更多的医疗保健，更多的教育，更快的互联网连接”理解可知，人们会感到压力是因为不断增长的收入无法满足不断增长的物质需求，A项“他们的物质追求远远超过了他们的收入”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“他们的购买力随着通货膨胀而明显下降”，人们的物质需求不断增长，也就是说购买力会增加，该项属于反向干扰；C项“财富在富人和穷人之间分配不均”和D项“医疗保健和教育费用不知何故已失去控制”没有提到，这两项属于无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American” (Para.5) ?4. 路易斯乌奇特利在第5段所说的“被抛弃的美国人”是什么意思？A. Those who see job stability as part of their living standard. A. 把工作稳定性视为生活标准的一部分。B. People full of utopian ideas resulting from affluence. B. 因富裕而充满乌托邦思想的人。C. People who have little say in American politics. C. 在美国政治上几乎没有发言权的人。D. Workers who no longer have secure jobs. D. 不再有稳定工作的人。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第五段“人们把工作稳定性视为生活水平的一部分。随着公司裁员的增加，这部分已经被侵蚀。越来越多的工人担心自己成为被抛弃的美国人，正如路易斯乌奇特利在他的同名书中所说的那样。”从中理解可知，“被抛弃的美国人”指的是因为公司裁员而被迫失业，即失去稳定的工作，D项“不再有稳定工作的人”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“把工作稳定性视为生活标准的一部分”是成为“被抛弃的美国人”的原因，而不是其暗含的意思，该项属于曲解原文；B项“因富裕而充满乌托邦思想的人”和“被抛弃的美国人”无关，该项属于出处错位；C项“在美国政治上几乎没有发言权的人”原文没有提到，该项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. What has affluence brought to American society? 5. 富裕给美国社会带来了什么？A. Renewed economic security. A. 新的经济安全。B. A sense of self-fulfilment. B. 自我实现的感觉。C. New conflicts and complaints. C. 新的冲突和抱怨。D. Misery and anti-social behavior. D. 痛苦和反社会行为。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第六段最后一句“不幸的是，富裕也产生了新的抱怨和矛盾”可知，富裕给美国社会带来了新的抱怨和矛盾，C项“新的冲突和抱怨”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“新的经济安全”和B项“自我实现的感觉”没有提到，这两项属于无中生有；D项“痛苦和反社会行为”根据第六段二、三句“在某种程度上，富裕是成功的。身体上的痛苦比以前少了很多。”可知，富裕减轻了痛苦，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。11. 单选题She suddenly saw a cougar perched on the fence ready to swoop on her son.问题1选项A.pounce onB.aim atC.glide uponD.attack against【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. pounce on猛扑；突然袭击 B. aim at针对；瞄准C. glide upon滑翔在上 D. attack against袭击【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词cougar（美洲狮）可推知，这只狮子是猛扑向她儿子，所以swoop on表示“猛扑”的意思，A项词义与之相近，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】她突然看见一只美洲狮停在篱笆上，准备扑向她儿子。12. 单选题You may feel exhausted under stressful brainwork, heavy physical labor or panic and disconsolate moods.问题1选项A.pitifulB.cordialC.dismalD.rough【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. pitiful令人同情的；可怜的 B. cordial热情友好的；和蔼可亲的C. dismal忧郁的；凄凉的 D. rough粗糙的；不平滑的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据所修饰的名词mood可知，disconsolate是和情绪相关的形容词，根据前文的feel exhausted（感到筋疲力尽）可推断，disconsolate的词义和负面情绪相关，只有C项词义与人本身的负面情绪相关，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项词义不符合句中所选词汇。【句意】在紧张的脑力劳动、繁重的体力劳动或恐慌、忧郁的情绪下，你可能会感到精疲力竭。13. 单选题Technology standards may be mandated by government or industry committees but a lot of standardization is left to the marketplace and is sponsored by dominant companies.问题1选项A.authorizedB.manmadeC.producedD.manipulated【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. authorized批准；授权 B. manmade人造的C. produced生产；产生 D. manipulated控制；操纵【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词Technology standards（技术标准）和government or industry committees（政府或行业委员会）可推知，mandated是指“获得授权，执行”，A项词义与之相近，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】技术标准可能是由政府或行业委员会强制执行的，但很多标准化工作都是由市场来完成的，并由占主导地位的公司赞助。14. 单选题Like an old lady playing the _ maiden, the senior politician kept the media and the public guessing about her policy intentions at the press conference.问题1选项A.domesticB.toughC.modestD.coy【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. domestic家庭的；国内的 B. tough艰苦的；严厉的C. modest谦虚的；不太大（或太贵、太重要等）的 D. coy羞羞答答的，忸怩作态的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据所修饰的词语maiden（少女）和kept the media and the public guessing about her policy intentions（让媒体和公众猜测她的政策意图）可知，空格处表示“忸怩作态的，腼腆的”符合句意，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。【句意】在记者招待会上，这位资深政治家就像一个故作腼腆的少女，让媒体和公众猜测她的政策意图。15. 单选题The most successful way to solve the language problem while a foreign play is being performed is _ translation.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.simultaneousC.instantaneousD.spontaneous【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. homogeneous同种类的 B. simultaneous同时发生（或进行）的；同步的C. instantaneous立即的；立刻的 D. spontaneous自发的；非筹划安排的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息while a foreign play is being performed（在外国戏剧上演时）和translation可推知，在看戏剧时，解决语言问题的办法就是同声传译，simultaneous translation表示“同声传译”，该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】在外国戏剧上演时，解决语言问题最成功的方法就是同声传译。16. 不定项选择题We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a persons knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a persons true ability and aptitude.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesnt matter that you werent feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that dont count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of drop-outs: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judges decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiners. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a persons true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.1. The main idea of this passage is _.2. The authors attitude toward examinations is _.3. The fate of students is decided by _.4. According to the author, the most important of a good education is _.5. Why does the author mention court?问题1选项A.examinations exert a pernicious influence on educationB.examinations are ineffectiveC.examinations are profitable for institutionsD.examinations are a burden on students问题2选项A.detestB.approvalC.criticalD.indifferent问题3选项A.educationB.institutionsC.examinationsD.students themselves问题4选项A.to encourage students to read widelyB.to train students to think on their ownC.to teach students how to tackle examsD.to master his fate问题5选项A.Give an example.B.For comparison.C.It shows that teachers evolutions depend on the results of examinations.D.It shows the results of court is more effective.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The main idea of this passage is _. 1. 这篇文章的主要观点是_。A. examinations exert a pernicious influence on education A. 考试对教育有不良影响B. examinations are ineffective B. 考试是无效的C. examinations are profitable for institutions C. 考试对机构是有益的D. examinations are a burden on students D. 考试对学生来说是一种负担【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段最后一句点明“考试是测试记忆的好方法，是测试在巨大压力下快速工作的技巧的好方法，却测不出一个人的真正能力和水平”，然后第二段第一句“作为焦虑制造者，考试是首屈一指的”，和第三段第四句指出“考试不但没有促进学生广泛阅读，反而限制其阅读；考试不能使学生追求更多的知识，而是诱导学生进行应付考试的突击式学习”，接着最后一段首句指出“许多因素所依赖的考试结果只不过是某个匿名考官的主观评估”，综合理解可知，考试对于学生来说不是一件好事情，也不是检验学生真正的能力和水平的工具，甚至反而会制造焦虑，限制学生独立思考，也就是说考试对教育具有有害的影响，A项“考试对教育有不良影响”概括了本文的主要观点，故该题选择A项符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“考试是无效的”、D项“考试对学生来说是一种负担”是进行考试的后果的其中一方面，这两项属于以偏概全；C项“考试对机构是有益的”也是考试的一方面，该项属于以偏概全。2.【选项释义】2. The authors attitude toward examinations is _. 2. 作者对考试的态度是_。A. detest A. 厌恶B. approval B.