2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第107期

2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Rational choice theoryRational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling, social and economic behavior. Rationality, interpreted as “wanting more rather than less of a good，is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in macroeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making. It is also central to some of modem political science, sociology, and philosophy. It attaches “wanting more” to instrumental rationality, which involves seeking the most cost-effective means to achieve a specific goal without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. Gary Backer was an early proponent of applying rational actor models more widely. He won the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his studies of discrimination, crime, and human capital.In rational choice theory, these costs are only extrinsic or external to the individual rather than being intrinsic or internal. That is, strict rational choice theory would not see a criminals self-punishment by inner feelings of remorse, guilt, or shame as relevant to determining the costs of committing a crime. In general, rational choice theory does not address the role of an individuals sense of morals or ethics in decision-making. Thus, economics Noblest Amartya Sen sees the model of people who follow rational choice model as “rational fools”.【答案】理性选择理论理性选择理论，也被称为选择理论或理性行为理论，是用于理解社会，正式对社会和经济行为的框架。理性，被解释为“对最大利益的追求”，在宏观经济模型中被广泛用作个人行为的假设，并出现在几乎所有经济学教科书中关于人类决策的处理。它也是现代政治学、社会学和哲学的中心。它将“想要更多”与理性工具联系起来，这涉及到寻求最经济有效的手段来实现特定目标，而不考虑该目标的价值。Gary Backer是更广泛地运用理性行为者模式的早期支持者，他因研究歧视、犯罪和人力资本而获得1992年诺贝尔经济学奖。在理性选择理论中，这些成本仅是非本质的或外部的，而不是本质的或者内部的。也就是说，严格的理性选择理论不会根据罪犯的内心的悔恨，内疚，或羞愧等自我惩罚以确定犯罪的成本。一般来说，理性选择理论并不涉及个人道德或伦理意识在决策中的作用。因此，诺贝尔奖获得者AmartyaSen认为，遵循理性选择模式的经济学人是“理性的傻瓜模式”。2. 问答题While many people use competition as an excuse for not doing something, those who really A Bwant to succeed see competition as an opportunity, and theyre willing to do the tough work Cnecessarily to win. D【答案】试题答案：D; necessary【解析】考查形容词辨析。根据the tough work和to win之间存在“必要的”逻辑关系，因此将副词necessarily改为形容词necessary。3. 问答题The drop in the price of Brent crude from a high of more than $115 a barrel in June to less than A$60 earlier this month has put extra money into consumers pockets and boosted B Cfuel-intensive businesses, while cutting oil companies revenues and stoking financial crises in Doil-producing countries including Russia and Venezuela.【答案】试题答案：C; consumers【解析】考查名词所有格。根据语义可知此处的消费者不止一个，以s结尾的复数名词的所有格直接加“ ”，consumers意为“消费者的”。4. 单选题No wonder that mans great dream has been someday to control the weather. The first step A Btoward control is, of course, knowledge, and scientists have been hard at work for years trying Cto keep track for the weather. D问题1选项A.No wonderB.mansC.hard at workD.keep track for【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。keep track of意为“了解，记录，保持联系”。试题答案：D; keep track of5. 单选题“My aunt will be down presently, Mr. Nuttel,” said a very self-possessed young lady of fifteen; “in the meantime you must try and put up with me.”Framton Nuttel endeavored to say the correct something which should duly flatter the niece of the moment without unduly discounting the aunt that was to come. Privately he doubted more than ever whether these formal visits on a succession of total strangers would do much towards helping the nerve cure which he has supposed to be undergoing.“I know how it will be,” his sister had said when he was preparing to migrate to this rural retreat; “you will bury yourself down there and not speak to a living soul, and your nerves will be worse than ever from moping. I shall just give you letters of introduction to all the people I know there. Some of them, as far as I can remember, were quite nice.Framton wondered whether Mrs. Sappleton, the lady to whom he was presenting one of the letters of introduction, came into the nice division.“Do you know many of the people round here?” asked the niece, when she judged that they had had sufficient silent communion.“Hardly a soul,” said Framton. “My sister was staying here, at the rectory, you know, some four years 3go, and she gave me letters of introduction to some of the people here.”He made the last statement in a tone of distinct regret.“Then you know practically nothing about my aunt?” pursued the self-possessed young lady.“Only her name and address,” admitted the caller. He was wondering whether Mrs. Sappleton was in the married or widowed state. An undefinable something about the room seemed to suggest masculine habitation.“Her great tragedy happened just three years ago,” said the child; “that would be since your sisters time,“Her tragedy?” asked Framton; somehow in this restful country spot tragedies seemed out of place.“You may wonder why we keep that window wide open on an October afternoon, said the niece，indicating a large French window that opened on to a lawn，“It is quite warm for the time of the year，” said Framton; “but has that window got anything to do with the tragedy?”“Out through that window, three years ago to a day, her husband and her two young brothers went off for their days shooting. They never came back. In crossing the moor to their favorite snipe-shooting ground they were all three engulfed in a treacherous piece of bog. It had been that dreadful wet summer, you know, and places that were safe in other years gave way suddenly without warning. The bodies were never recovered. That was the dreadful part of it.” Here the childs voice lost its self-possessed note and became falteringly human. “Poor aunt always thinks that they will come back some day, they and the little brown spaniel that was lost with them, and walk in at that window just as they used to do. That is why the window is kept open every evening till it is quite dusk. Poor dear aunt, she has often told me how they went out, her husband with his white waterproof coat over his arm, and Ronnie, her younger brother, singing, Bertie, why do you bound? as he always did to tease her, because she said it got on her nerves. Do you know, sometimes on still, quiet evening like this, I almost get a creepy feeling that they will all walk in through that window”She broke off with a little shudder. It was a relief to Framton when the aunt bustled into the room with a whirl of apologies for being late in making her appearance.“I hope Vera has been amusing you? she said.“She has been very interesting,” said Framton.“I hope you dont mind the open window,” said Mrs. Sappleton briskly; “my husband and brothers will be home directly from shooting, and they always come in this way. Theyve been out for snipe in the marshes today, so theyll make a fine mess over my poor carpets. So like you men-folk, isnt it?”She rattled on cheerfully about the shooting and the scarcity of birds, and the prospects for duck in the winter. To Framton it was all purely horrible. He made a desperate but only partially successful effort to turn the talk on to a less ghastly topic; he was conscious that his hostess was giving him only a fragment of her attention, and her eyes were constantly straying past him to the open window and the lawn beyond. It was certainly an unfortunate coincidence that he should have paid his visit on this tragic anniversary.“The doctors agree in ordering me complete rest, an absence of mental excitement, and avoidance of anything in the nature of violent physical exercise” announced Framton, who labored under the tolerably wide-spread delusion that total strangers and chance acquaintances are hungry for the least detail of ones ailments and infirmities, their cause and cure. “On the matter of diet they are not so much in agreement,” he continued.“No?” said Mrs. Sappleton, in a voice which only replaced a yawn at the last moment. Then she suddenly brightened into alert attentionbut not to what Framton was saying.“Here they are at last!” she cried. “Just in time for tea, and dont they lock as if they were muddy up to the eyes!”Framton shivered slightly and turned towards the niece with a look intended to convey sympathetic comprehension. The child was staring out through the open window with dazed horror in her eyes. In a chill shock of nameless fear Framton swung around in his seat and looked in the same direction.In the deepening twilight three figures were walking across the lawn towards the window; they all carried guns under their arms, and one of them was additionally burdened with a white coat hung over his shoulders. A tired brown spaniel kept close at their heels. Noiselessly they neared the house, and then a hoarse young voice chanted out of the dusk: “1 said, Bertie, why do you bound?”Framton grabbed wildly at his stick and hat; the hall-door, the gravel-drive, and the front gate were dimly noted stages in his headlong retreat. A cyclist coming along the road had to run into the hedge to avoid imminent collision.“Here we are, my dear,” said the bearer of the white mackintosh, coming in through the window; “fairly muddy, but most of its dry. Who was that who bolted out as we came up?”“A most extraordinary man, Mr. Nuttel,” said Mrs. Sappleton, “could only talk about his illnesses, and dashed off without a word of good-bye or apology when you arrived. One would think he had seen a ghost.”“I expect it was the spaniel, said the niece calmly; “he told me he had horror of dogs. He was once hunted into a cemetery somewhere on the banks of the Ganges with the creatures snarling and grinning and foaming just above him. Enough to make any one lose their nerve.”Romance at short notice was her specialty.1. The story took place（ ）.2. Framton Nuttel had come to the area to（ ）.3. Framton tried to talk about his illness because（ ）.4. The climax of the story occurred when（ ）.5. Which of the following statements do you think probably best describes Vera?问题1选项A.on an isolated hunting reserveB.at the home of a wealthy family during an organized sniping-shootingC.at a restful country home where the men of the family enjoyed hunting in autumnD.at the boarding house where Framton sister had once lived问题2选项A.engage in some huntingB.recover from a nervous breakdownC.sell real estateD.check out where his sister had lived问题3选项A.he wanted to make it clear that he had overcome his problemsB.he was ill at ease and had the mistaken idea that they would be interestedC.he was attracted to Vera and wanted to impress herD.he was a bore and told everyone he met about his personal life问题4选项A.Framton finally managed to tell the story of his illness to Vera and Mrs. SappletonB.the hunters were glimpsed in the distanceC.the hunters and the small dog actually walked through the window exactly as Vera had said they wouldD.Framton met the hunters and heard their tales of the hunt问题5选项A.She is a self-possessed young girl that can help her aunt to entertain guests with hospitality.B.She is a shy girl who tends to be frightened into silence m presence strangers.C.She is a timid girl and gets frightened at the scene of hunting.D.She is a mischievous girl who is quick to make up tales and likes playing tricks upon people.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第三段“I know how it will be,” his sister had said when he was preparing to migrate to this rural retreat我知道会是什么样子。”当他准备搬到这个乡间别墅时，他姐姐说”以及“You may wonder why we keep that window wide open on an October afternoon, 你也许会奇怪，我们为什么在十月的一个下午把那扇窗户打开。”可知故事发生在秋天一间乡村别墅里。并且文中多次提到Sappleton的丈夫和两个弟弟出去打猎，故C项正确。2.细节事实题。由“The doctors agree in ordering me complete rest, an absence of mental excitement, and avoidance of anything in the nature of violent physical exercise医生吩咐我充分休息，避免精神兴奋和剧烈的运动”可知Framton是来这个乡村公寓疗养精神疾病的。故B项正确。3.推理判断题。由“who labored under the tolerably wide-spread delusion that total strangers and chance acquaintances are hungry for the least detail of ones ailments and infirmities, their cause and cure. 他被一种相当普遍的错觉所迷惑，以为素不相识的人和偶然相识的人都渴望了解自己的病痛及其原因和治疗方法的最细微之处。”可知Framton误以为别人会对他说的内容感兴趣。故B项正确。4.推理判断题。由“In the deepening twilight three figures were walking across the lawn towards the window; they all carried guns under their arms, and one of them was additionally burdened with a white coat hung over his shoulders. A tired brown spaniel kept close at their heels. Noiselessly they neared the house, and then a hoarse young voice chanted out of the dusk: “1 said, Bertie, why do you bound?” 暮色渐浓，有三个人影穿过草坪朝窗口走去。他们都把枪夹在腋下，其中一个肩上还披着一件白大褂。一只疲惫的棕色猎犬紧跟在他们的后面。他们蹑手蹑脚地走近房子，然后一个沙哑的年轻人的声音从暮色中响起来:“我说，伯蒂，你为什么要跳?”可知这里是故事的高潮，因为Vera之前编了故事说这三个人被陷在沼泽了，三年了再也没见到过，尸体也没找到。这时候突然他们都回来了，让读者惊吓，从而使故事的高潮到来。故C项正确。5.推理判断题。由全文内容以及最后一段“Romance at short notice was her specialty. “一眨眼就能编故事”正是她的特长。”可知Vera是个会编故事并且喜欢捉弄人。故D项正确。6. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into Chinese.Dubais reputation as the Gulfs financial and commercial hub has taken a battering since it surprised financial market in November by asking to restructure $26 million in debts.Asia needs to bite the bullet if it wants to avoid another cycle of bubbles and busts. As soothing as high growth now feels, it needs to be restrained by higher interest rates and appreciating exchange rates to sustain.Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passion, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward (任意的，不定的)course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. (5%)【答案】去年11月，迪拜要求对2600万美元债务进行重组，震惊了整个经融市场，它作为海湾地区的经融和商业中心的声望遭受重创。如果亚洲想要避免另一个循环的泡沫和萧条，那么它需要忍受巨大痛苦。如今的高增长虽然让人欣慰，但是它的持续需要通过更高的利率和升值汇率来加以约束。三种平凡却又异常强烈的感情主宰着我的人生：对爱的渴望，对知识的追求和对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情像狂风，把我任意吹向四方，掠过苦痛的大海，迫使我濒临绝望的边缘。7. 单选题There was （ ）that we were in a fix, as we had no food in the coach and no water.问题1选项A.no denyingB.not denyingC.not to be deniedD.no denial【答案】A【解析】考查固定句型。there is/was no doing sth. .意为“无法，不能”。句意：不可否认我们陷入了困境，因为车上没有食物也没有水。8. 翻译题Translate the following into English20年来，中国从工业化、城镇化加快发展的国情出发，不断丰富可持续发展的内涵，积极应对国内外环境的复杂变化和一系列重大挑战，实现了经济平稳较快发展、人民生活显 著改善，在控制人口总量、提高人口素质、节约资源和保护环境等方面取得了积极进展。 同时，作为一个发展中国家，中国人口众多、生态脆弱、人均资源占有不足，人均国内生产总值尚排在全球百位左右，仍有1.22亿贫困人口，资源环境对经济发展的约束增强，区域发展不平衡问题突出，科技创新能力不强，改善民生的任务十分艰巨。【答案】Over the past 20 years, China, based on its national conditions of being in the accelerated industrialization and urbanization processes, has enriched the connotations of sustainable development, actively responded to the complex changes in the environment at home and abroad and a series of major challenges, and achieved steady and rapid economic development, higher peoples living standards, and remarkable progress in population control, population quality improvement, resources conservation and environmental protection. On the other hand, as a developing country with a large population, China is faced with ecological fragility and inadequate per capita resources. Its per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is still ranked about 100th in the world and there are still 122 million people living in poverty. Moreover, given the severe resources and environment constrains on economic development, pronounced uneven development among regions, and weak scientific and technological innovation capacities, China still faces and arduous task of improving peoples livelihood.9. 问答题(A) What life does with our dreams and expectations cannot, of course, be predicted. Some dreams, (B) begun in selflessness, end in rancor; other dreams, begun in selfishness, (C) end in large-heartedness. The unpredictability of the outcome of dreams is (D) no reason to cease to dream.【答案】D；改成cease dreaming. Cease doing sth放弃做某事10. 单选题The word euthanasia is of Greek origin and literally means “a good death. The American Heritage Dictionary defines it as the act of killing a person painlessly for reasons of mercy. Such killing can be done through active means, such as administering a lethal injection, or by passive means, such as withholding medical care or food and water.In recent years in the United States, there have been numerous cases of active euthanasia in the news. They usually involve the deliberate killing of ill or incapacitated persons by relatives or friends who plead that they can no longer bear to see their loved ones suffer. Although such killings are a crime, the perpetrators are often dealt with leniently by our legal system, and the media usually portrays them as compassionate heroes who take personal risks to save another from unbearable suffering.The seeming acceptance of active forms of euthanasia is alarming, but we face a bigger, more insidious threat from passive forms of euthanasia. Every year, in hospitals and nursing homes around the country, there are growing numbers of documented deaths caused by caregivers withholding life sustaining care, including food and water, from vulnerable patients who cannot speak for themselves.While it is illegal to kill someone directly, for example with a gun or knife, in many cases the law has put its stamp of approval on causing death by omitting needed care. Further, many states have “living will laws designed to protect those who withhold treatment, and there have been numerous court rulings which have approved of patients being denied care and even starved and dehydrated to death.Because such deaths occur quietly within the confines of hospitals and nursing homes, they can be kept hidden from the public. Most euthanasia victims are old or very ill, so their deaths might be attributed to a cause other than the denial of care that really killed them. Further, it is often relatives of the patient who request that care be withheld. In one court case, the court held that decisions to withhold life-sustaining care may be made not only by close family members but also by a number of third parties, and that such decisions need not be reviewed by the judicial system if there is no disagreement between decision makers and medical staff. The court went so far as to rule that a nursing home may not refuse to participate in the fatal withdrawal of food and water from an incompetent patient!Extraordinary or “heroic treatment need not be used when the chance for recovery is poor and medical intervention would serve only to prolong the dying process. But to deny customary and reasonable care or to deliberately starve or dehydrate someone because he or she is very old or very ill should not be permitted. Most of the cases coming before the courts do not involve withholding heroic measures from imminently dying people, but rather they seek approval for denying basic care, such as administration of food and water, to people who are not elderly or terminally ill, but who are permanently incapacitated. These people could be expected to live indefinitely, though in an impaired state, if they were given food and water and minimal treatment.No one has the right to judge that a