2022年考博英语-中南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第41期

2022年考博英语-中南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Take the time to （ ）with your child, to read with her, to play with her, to have good conversations with her, to take walks with her.问题1选项A.cuddleB.cumberC.rrodeD.canvass【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。cuddle搂抱，拥抱；cumber拖累，妨害；corrode侵蚀，损害；canvass 细究。句意：花时间拥抱你的孩子，读书给她听，和她玩耍，语重心长地和她交谈，和她一起散步。根据句意可知A项符合题意。2. 单选题Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation to be a product of selection at the level of populations; recent studies of evolution, however, have found no （ ）this pervasive view of selection.问题1选项A.bias towardB.criticism ofC.basis forD.precursors of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。bias toward “对 的偏见”；criticism of “对 的批评”；basis for “ 的基础”；precursors of “ 的先驱者”。句意：在大约1960年以前，几乎所有对进化的解释都假定大多数的适应是在群体数量水平基础上选择的产物，但是，近来对于进化的研究没发现这种普遍深入的选择观点的基础。由to be a product of selection at the level of populations; 及however表转折关系可知空格处与前述内容意思相反。故C项符合题意。3. 单选题If your goals are general, you should （ ）them （ ）into sub-goals, so that you have a schedule for each sub-goal too.问题1选项A.undertake.forB.minimize.withC.induct. withD.pare.down【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配undertake “承担，从事”；induct “引导；感应”；minimize “使减到最少；极度轻视”；pare down把 消减成 。句意：如果你的目标太笼统，那么你就应该将它们分为子目标，这样你对每个子目标也有相应的计划表。由句意可知D项正确。4. 单选题The purchase of a house and a car has become the （ ）of the new generation of white-collar workers, along with holidays overseas.问题1选项A.aspirationB.inspirationC.attractionD.tenacity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项aspiration“渴望；抱负”；B选项inspiration“灵感；鼓舞”；C选项attraction“吸引力；引力”；D选项tenacity“韧性；固执”。句意：买房买车已经成为新一代白领的 ，当然还有去国外度假。句中的“买房买车”、“去国外度假”符合“渴望”的内容。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题But McConnell Moore has always drawn great strength from such cartoonish （ ）, which he collects and then displays on his Senate office wall.问题1选项A.applausesB.vituperationsC.condemnsD.appraisals【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。applause “欢呼；鼓掌欢迎”；vituperation “谩骂；坏话”；condemn “谴责；声讨”；appraisal “评价；估计”。句意：但McConnell Moore总是从此类的卡通谩骂中汲取巨大的力量，他将其收集后展示在他参议院办公室的墙壁上。由关键词but及cartoonish可知空格处应填贬义词，卡通谴责不能搭配，故 B项正确。6. 单选题During periods of social stability, many art academies are so firmly controlled by dogmatists that all real creative work must be done by the （ ）.问题1选项A.eliteB.disenfranchisedC.reactionariesD.dissatisfied【答案】B【解析】考查形容词及名词辨析。elite “精英；精华”；disenfranchised “被剥夺权利的”，the disenfranchised “被剥夺权利的人”； reactionaries “反动派”；dissatisfied “不满意的；不高兴的” 。句意： 在社会稳定时期，很多艺术学院被教条主义者牢牢地控制，以至所有真正有创意的作品必须由那些被剥夺了权利的人完成。由“controlled by dogmatists被教条主义者控制”及“real creative work真正有创意的作品”的对应知“真正有创意的作品都是由艺术学院里被剥夺了权利的人来完成。被教条主义控制意味着被剥夺了权利。7. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.预言未来的经济是困难的事情。美国人逐渐意识到他们自己是在一种全球化经 济中竞争，而且他们将不断经历经济的好转和低迷。不过有一件事情可以确定的是，美国关于财富的传统观念已经对人民的生活水平和价值观产生了深远的影响。而因为美国 人对于财富持续增长的观念已经深深扎根于他们的信仰系统，所以财富的衰退的现状会 对他们产生严重的挫伤。不过即便是经济的衰退，很难说对他们所持的理念带来太多的 作用，相反也许会产生积极的竞争和促进作用。【答案】It is difficult to predict the future economy. Americans have come to realized that they are competing in a global economy and that they will continue to experience economic upturns and downturns. One thing is certain, however, that Americas traditional view of wealth have had a profound effect on its peoples living standards and values. Americans belief that wealth will continue to rise have deeply rooted in their belief system, hence the current decline in wealth can be a serious setback for them. But even a recession would hardly do much on their ideas; instead, it may produce positive competition and facilitation.8. 单选题Although the genetic explanation of why some people are right-handed whereas others are left-handed is plausible, it has been effectively challenged by experiments in which genetically （ ）mice showed different paw preferences.问题1选项A.verifiedB.indistinguishableC.identicalD.complex【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。verified “已证实的”；indistinguishable “不能区别的；”identical “同一的；完全相同的”；complex “复杂 的；合成的”。句意：虽然遗传学解释为什么有些人习惯用右手而另一些是左撇子似乎是合理的，它已经被基因实验有效地挑战，在基因上别无二致的鼠表现出使用爪子的不同偏好。由plausible“看似可信的”与showed different paw preferences “表现出不同偏好”可知 B项符合语境，故B项正确。9. 单选题Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiment she let a number of （ ）results slip by.问题1选项A.anomalousB.salientC.redundantD.verifiable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。anomalous 异常的；不恰当的；不一致的；salient 显著的；跳跃的；redundant 多余的；累赘的；verifiable 可证实的；可检验的。句意：她经常最先发现与其他调查结果不一致的数据，不过在这个特殊的试验中她却让一些不一致的结果溜走了。由Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings可知A项正确。10. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.我确信，在这个世界上有许多令人惊喜的事情，有某种比惊喜深刻得多的东西，某种持久而有意义的东西。那些生活在地球上美和神奇的东西之间的人们，不管他是作为科学家的成人还是非科学家的孩子，永远不会孤单或对生活感到厌倦；无论他们的个人生活有什么问题和忧虑，他们的思想都能找到通往内心的满足和对生活重燃激情的途径。那些凝视地球之美的人能找到它们终身受用的力量储备。他们看到在鸟类的迁徙中，在潮水的涨落之中，既有着具体的惊奇，更有着深遂的美。在大自然的反反复复循坏中，有一种具备无限治愈力的东西，黑暗过去是黎明，冬天过后是春天这一永恒的保障。【答案】I am sure that there are many surprises in this world, something much deeper than surprise, something lasting and meaningful. Those who live between the beauty and the wonder of the earth, whether as a scientist or as a child of a non-scientist, are never alone or bored with life; No matter what problems or concerns they have in their personal lives, their thoughts find their way to inner satisfaction and renewed passion for life. Those who gaze at the beauty of the earth find reserves of power that will last them a lifetime. They saw in the migration of birds, in the ebb and flow of the tides, a concrete wonder and a profound beauty. In the cycle of nature, there is something infinitely healing. Darkness is the dawn of the past, and winter is the eternal guarantee of spring.11. 单选题The late-summer waters of the northern shore were （ ）chilly for the vacationer who adored swimming.问题1选项A.seasonallyB.wonderfullyC.disappointinglyD.realistically【答案】C【解析】考查副词词义辨析。seasonally “周期性地”；wonderfully “精彩地；极好地” ；disappointingly “令人失望地”；realistically “现实地；逼真地”。句意：对喜欢游泳的度假者来说，北方海岸夏末的海水令人失望，因为那里很寒冷。由 “chilly”可知寒冷的海水并不适合游泳，故C项 “令人失望地”符合语境， C项正确。12. 单选题Psychology has slowly evolved into an （ ）scientific discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and responsibilities as other sciences.问题1选项A.independentB.unusualC.outmodedD.exceeded【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。independent “独立的”；unusual “不寻常的；与众不同的”；outmoded “过时的”；exceeded “非常的；过度的”。句意：心理学已慢慢演变成一个独立的学科，如今有着与其他自然科学同样特权和责任的它独立自主地行使职责。由functions autonomously可知A项符合语境。13. 单选题Some works of literature hold ones interest in the very last page, but others serves only as a （ ）, to be kept handily at a bedside table.问题1选项A.reminderB.referenceC.decorationD.soporific【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。reminder 提醒者；reference 参考书，参考文献； decoration装饰；soporific 催眠剂。句意：有些文学作品自始至终都十分吸引人，但有些文学作品只起参考书的作用，为了方便查阅而放在床边小茶几上。由but及空格后的内容可知B项符合句意。14. 单选题The English novelist William Thackeray considered the cult of the criminal so dangerous that he criticized Dickens Oliver Twist for making the characters in the thieves kitchen so （ ）.问题1选项A.threateningB.rivetingC.connivingD.fearsome【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。threatening “危险的；胁迫的；凶兆的”；riveting “非常迷人的；吸引人的”；conniving “纵容的；默许的”；fearsome “可怕的；害怕的”。句意：英国小说家威廉萨克雷认为对罪犯的狂热崇拜是相当危险的，所以他批评狄更斯的雾都孤儿让小偷厨房中的人物是如此吸引人。由considered the cult of the criminal so dangerous可知B项符合语境。正是由于作品中塑造的人物具有吸引力才让人崇拜。15. 单选题Several hundred million years ago, plants similar to modem ferns covered vast stretches of the land. Some were as large as trees, with giant fronds bunched at the top of trunks as straight as pillars. Others were the size of bushes and formed thickets of me undergrowth. Still others lived in the shade of giant club mosses and horsetails along the edges of swampy lagoons where giant amphibians swam.A great number of these plants were true ferns, reproducing themselves without fruits or seeds. Others had only the appearance of ferns. Their leaves had organs of sexual reproduction and produced seeds. Although their “flowers” did not have corollas these false ferns (today completely extinct) ushered in the era of flowering plants. Traces of these flora of the earliest times have been preserved in the form of fossils. Such traces are most commonly found in shale and sandstone rocks wedged between coal beds.Today only tropical forests bear living proof of the ancient greatness of ferns. The species that grow there are no longer those of the Carboniferous period, but their variety and vast numbers, and the great size of some, remind us of the time when ferns ruled the plant kingdom.1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the plants described in the passage?2.What does the passage mainly discuss?问题1选项A.They once spread over large areas of land.B.They varied greatly in sizeC.They coexisted with amphibians, mosses, and horsetailsD.They clung to tree trunks and bushes for support问题2选项A.Plant reproduction.B.How to locate fossils.C.An ancient form of plant life.D.Tropical plant life.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“Several hundred million years ago, plants similar to modem ferns covered vast stretches of the land. Some were as large as trees, with giant fronds bunched at the top of trunks as straight as pillars. Others were the size of bushes and formed thickets of me undergrowth. Still others lived in the shade of giant club mosses and horsetails along the edges of swampy lagoons where giant amphibians swam.几亿年前，类似于现代蕨类植物的植物覆盖了大片土地。有些和树一样大，树干顶端的大叶子像柱子一样直。有的像灌木丛那么大，形成了灌木丛。还有一些生活在巨大的俱乐部苔藓和马尾草的阴影下，沿着巨大的两栖动物游泳的沼泽泻湖的边缘。”可知A项“它们曾经遍布大片土地”；B项“它们的大小差别很大”；C项“它们与两栖动物、苔藓和马尾草共存”都有提及。故D项符合题意。2.主旨大意题。第一段提到的是这类植物的生存环境，和植物体特征；第二段说到繁殖情况，第三段说的是到现在只能通过热带的化石才能寻找到它们以前的生长足迹。因此，文章通篇讲的是这类植物的发展形态。故C项符合题意。16. 单选题As serious as she is about the bullfight, she does not allow respect to （ ）her sense of whimsy when painting it.问题1选项A.inspireB.provokeC.suppressD.satisfy【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项inspire“激发；鼓舞”；B选项provoke“驱使；激怒”；C选项suppress“抑制；镇压；废止”；D选项satisfy“满足；说服”。句意：尽管她认为斗牛是一件严肃的事，但在绘画斗牛时，她并没有让敬意 自己的奇思异想。“敬意”与“奇思异想”在本句中应为“抑制与被抑制”的关系，才可体现句中的转折含义。因此C选项正确。17. 单选题The maglev will actually race along a guideway at almost 500 kilometers per hour, （ ）on the magnetic field.问题1选项A.acceleratingB.duplicatingC.floatingD.roaring【答案】C【解析】考查现在分词。accelerating 加速的，催化的；duplicating 复制，拷贝；floating 漂浮，浮动；roaring 吼，叫喊 。句意：磁悬浮列车将在磁场中以每小时500公里的速度沿着导轨运行。由磁悬浮列车的特点可知“它是漂浮在磁场中”，故C项符合句意。18. 单选题When giving any general overview of the development and use of machine translation (MT) systems and translation tools, it is important to distinguish four basic types of translation demand.The first, and traditional type of demand is for translations of a quality normally expected from humans, i.e. translations of publishable quality. This illustrates the use of MT for dissemination. It has been satisfied, to some extent, by machine translation systems ever since they were first developed in the 1960s. However, MT system produce output which must invariably be revised or “post-edited” by human translators if it is to reach the quality required. Sometimes such revision may be substantial, so that in effect the MT system is producing a “draft” translation. As an alternative, the input text may be regularized (or “controlled” in vocabulary and sentence structure) so that the MT system produces few errors which have to be corrected. Some MT systems have, however, been developed to deal with a very narrow range of text content and language style, and these may require little or no preparation or revision of texts.The second basic demand is for translations at a somewhat lower level of quality, which are intended for users who want to find out the essential content of a particular document and generally, as quickly as possible. This demand the use of MT for assimilation has been met in the past as, in effect, a by-product of systems designed originally for the dissemination application. Since MT systems did not (and still cannot) produce high quality translations, some users have found that they can extract what they need to know from the unedited output. They would rather have some translation, however poor, than no translation at all. With the coming of cheaper PC-based systems on the market, this type of use has grown rapidly and substantially.The third type of demandMT for interchange comes from the need for immediate translation in order to convey the basic content of messages. MT systems are finding a “natural” role, since they can operate virtually or in fact in real-time and on-line and there has been little objection to the inevitable poor quality, and are useful in producing spoken language translations, e.g. for telephone conversations and business negotiations. The problems of integrating speech recognition and automatic translation are obviously hard to tackle, but progress is nevertheless being made. In the future still distant, perhaps we may expect on-line MT systems for the translation of speech in highly restricted domains.The fourth area of application is for translation within multilingual systems of information retrieval, information extraction, database access, etc. This field is the focus of a number of projects in Europe at the present time, which have the aim of widening access for all members of the European Union to sources of data and information whatever the source language.1.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that in rendering publishable translations of literary works, （ ）.2.MT systems will make few errors if（ ）.3.According to the third paragraph, users of MT for assimilation（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that with the progressive sophistication of MT systems,（ ）.问题1选项A.MT systems performance is satisfactory to a substantial degreeB.little could be done by MT systems developed so farC.MT systems can do much better than human translatorsD.considerable revision on MT produced texts is needed问题2选项A.the language of the original text is standardB.the language of the original text is simplifiedC.the language of the original text is controlledD.the original text deals with a specialized subject问题3选项A.are growing fast in numberB.complain a lot about its poor qualityC.can get little from the unedited outputD.would rather have no translation at all问题4选项A.one can communicate on the phone with another who speaks a different languageB.interpreters will no longer be useful in international negotiations or conferencesC.it will be only natural that people will find little need to learn a foreign languageD.people will find no cause to complain about the quality of texts turned out by them【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。第二段说到MT系统的问题出现在“However, MT system produce output which must invariably be revised or “post-edited” by human translators if it is to reach the quality required. Sometimes such revision may be substantial, so that in effect the MT system is producing a “draft” translation. 然而，如果要达到要求的质量，MT system所产生翻译必须由人工译者进行修改或“后期编辑”。有时这样的修改可能是实质性的，因此MT系统实际上是在生成一个“草稿”翻译。”说明MT系统翻译出来的成品需要人工修改，D选项“需要对MT产生的文本进行大量修订”符合题意。2.事实细节题。由题干关键词few errors定位到文章第二段倒数第二句“As an alternative, the input text may be regularized (or controlled in vocabulary and sentence structure) so that the MT system produces few errors which have to be corrected. 作为一种替代方法，输入文本可以被正规化(或在词汇和句子结构上“受控”)，这样机器翻译系统产生的需要纠正的错误就很少。”因此条件就是“控制”输入文本的语言。C选项“原文的语言被控制”符合题意。3.判断推理题。由题干关键词assimilation定位到文章第三段第二句“This demand the use of MT for assimilation has been met in the past as, in effect, a by-product of systems designed originally for the dissemination application. 这一需求使用MT进行同化在过去已经得到满足，实际上，它是最初为传播应用而设计的系统的副产品。”最后一句补充说到“With the coming of cheaper PC-based systems on the market, this type of use has grown rapidly and substantially. 随着市场上更便宜的基于pc的系统的出现，这种类型的使用（使用MT进行同化）已经迅速而显著地增长。”由此可知A选项“数量正迅速增长”正确。4.判断推理题。题干中的the progressive sophistication of MT systems“MT系统的逐步成熟”，说明问的是MT系统的发展势头，第四段最后一句说到“The problems of integrating speech recognition and automatic translation are obviously hard to tackle, but progress is nevertheless being made. In the future still distant, perhaps we may expect on-line MT systems for the translation of speech in highly restricted domains. 语音识别与自动翻译的融合问题显然难以解决，但仍在不断取得进展。在未来也许还是遥远的未来我们可以期待在高度受限的领域中实现语音翻译的在线机器翻译系统。”由此可知未来的进展可能出现在“在线机器语音翻译”这方面，对比选项可得A选项“一个人可以通过电话与另一个说不同语言的人交流”符合文意。19. 单选题Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspective on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940s because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940s,electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays.The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and electron-based instruments.1.What is the theme does the passage mainly discuss?2.Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?3.Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope?4.Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray microscopes in the future?问题1选项A.The detail seen through a microscope.B.Outdated microscopic techniques.C.Sources of illumination for microscopes.D.A new kind of microscope问题2选项A.To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective.B.To begin a discussion of sixteenth-century discoveries.C.