2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第150期

2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题After such a confrontation between the two parties, any reconciliation would be（ ）.问题1选项A.out of questionB.within questionC.without questionD.out of the question【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。A选项 “毫无疑问，没问题”； C选项 “毫无疑问”； D选项 “不可能，根本谈不上”；B选项不是一个短语；根据句意在两党之间有了这样的冲突后，和解是不可能的了确定D选项正确。2. 单选题（ ） in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.问题1选项A.Judged the bestB.Judging the bestC.To be judged the bestD.Having judged the best【答案】A【解析】语法题。动词judge和句子主语the three students是逻辑动宾关系，后面有完整的主谓宾，所以使用表示被动意义的过去分词。排除B，D选项。由于judge表示的动作在主句动词award之前，因此可以排除选项C，所以A选项正确。3. 单选题It shows how economic and social and, above all, political changes have played their part, so that, correctly（ ）, the postage stamp in which millions of people, young and old, find pleasure, knowledge and even profit, has always been a faithful mirror of the times.问题1选项A.interpretingB.interpretedC.to be interpretedD.being interpreted【答案】B【解析】非谓语动词的考查。分析句子意思它表明了经济的和社会的，最重要的是，政治的变革是如何发挥它们的 作用的，因此，如果正确来讲，成百万的人们，不管年轻年老，都能从邮票中找到快乐、知识甚至是利益，这一直都是最忠实反映时代的一面镜子可知，此处为非谓语动词，且主语和动词 interpret之间为被动关系，因此应用被动语态，且应用一般时态，而不是表将来的不定式或正在进行的being interpreted，B选项正确。4. 单选题By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.Near the turn of Urn century, it had been suggested by Hiring that different modes of sensation, such as pain taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system: According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but. rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation form the visual cortex, an auditory sensation form the auditory cortex, and so on Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts, In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related would most likely have been met with（ ）.The author mentions common currency primarily in order to emphasize the（ ）.Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 17-20?It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation.问题1选项A.vexationB.irritabilityC.discouragementD.neutrality问题2选项A.lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beingsB.similarities in the views of the scientistsC.similarity of sensations of human beingsD.continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system问题3选项A.Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.B.Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.C.Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.D.Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.问题4选项A.Nerve cells.B.Nerve impulses.C.Cortical areas.D.Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B【解析】细节事实题。根据文章第一段第一句“By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging.” “至l1950 年，有关大脑神经活动和祌经感觉之间联系的研究结果是令人沮丧的”中的discouraging 确定C选项 “挫折，沮丧”正确；推理判断题。题目中的“common currency”出现在第二段第四句“.that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system”，与句子中的 homogeneous 意思相似， A选项的lack of differentiation among nerve impulses 是 nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous的同义转述，所以符合题意。细节事实题。文章第17-20行所述实验为电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某一特定感觉区域实验，而这一实验所支持的理论需向前追溯，即“.it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.” “不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对于这一观点是有证据的”，由此可知实验所支持的理论为A选项 “由感觉神经脉冲产生的认知是由被刺激的大脑部位决定的”。推理判断题。根据文章第二段第四句“.that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system”可知质量变化最小的是nerve impulses,即B选项。5. 单选题Had the explosion broken out, all the passengers in the plane should have been killed, for it was（ ）timed with the planes take-off.问题1选项A.simultaneouslyB.conscientiouslyC.spontaneouslyD.instantaneously【答案】A【解析】副词词义辨析。句意如果发生爆炸，飞机上所有的乘客都会丧命，因为这是一个随着飞机 起飞会爆炸的定时炸弹。B选项conscientiously意为“良心上”； C选项spontaneously意为“不由自主地”； D选项instantaneously意为“即刻，马上”，均与句意不符。根据本题的关键词timed可知是与时间有关，A项simultaneously意为“同时地”，符合语境，正确。6. 单选题Once Renaissance painters discovered how to（ ）volume and depth, they were able to replace the medieval convention of symbolic, two-dimensional space with the more illusion of actual space.问题1选项A.reverse.conventionalB.portray.abstractC.deny.concreteD.render.realistic【答案】D【解析】词义辨析题。第一个空的选项： reverse “颠倒，倒转”；portray “描绘，扮演”：deny “否认，拒绝给予”；render “提供，以回报，描绘，处理（绘画等的主题）”，第二个空的选项：conventional “传统的，习惯的”；abstract “抽象的”；concrete “具体的，有形的”；realistic “现实的，实际的，实事求是的”，根据关键词“volume and depth” “symbolic”和句意 当文艺复兴的画家们发现如何描绘体积和深度之后，他们就能够使用更现实的实在空间感来取代中世纪的象征意味的、二维空间的绘画习惯了 确定D选项正确。7. 单选题We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go, so the game looked completely（ ）.问题1选项A.irresistibleB.irremissibleC.irreplaceableD.irretrievable【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项的irresistible “不可抵抗的，不能压制的”；B选项的irremissible “不 可宽恕的，无法逃避的”; C选项的irreplaceable “不能调换的”；D选项的irretrievable “不能挽回的，不能复原的”。根据句意 比赛还有五分钟结束，我们落后四分，所以这场比赛看上去完全无法挽回 确定D选项正确。8. 单选题The（ ）on the surface of the female kangaroos abdomen serves as a place of refuge for the young, who can get at the milk glands without leaving their shelter.问题1选项A.patchB.porchC.paunchD.pouch【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析题。要注意区分四个选项名词的不同意思。根据句意雌性袋鼠腹部表面的育儿袋是用来保护幼崽，使它们不需要离开这里 也能够获得母亲的乳汁的。和常识可知空格处表示“育儿袋”。A选项parch意为“眼罩，斑点”；B选项porch意为“门廊，走廊”；C选项paunch意为“腹，大肚子”；D选项pouch意为“小袋，育儿袋”。D选项正确。9. 单选题Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive. If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense-data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision. The nature limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly. There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us: this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense-data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. Since these quanta are believed to be indivisible packages of energy and so cannot be further retied, we reach a point beyond which further resolution of the world is not possible. It is like a drawing a child might make by sticking indivisible discs of color onto a canvas.We might think that we could avoid this limitation by using quanta with extremely long wavelengths; such quanta would be sufficiently sensitive to convey extremely delicate sense-data. And these quanta would be useful, as long as we only wanted to measure energy, but a completely accurate perception of the world will depend also on the exact measurement of the lengths and positions of what we wish to perceive. For this, quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless. To measure a length accurately to within a millionth of an inch, we must have a measure graduated in millionths of an filch; a yardstick graduated in inches is useless. Quanta with a wavelength of one inch would be, in a sense, measures that are graduated in inches; Quanta of extremely long wavelength are useless in measuring anything except extremely large dimensions.Despite these difficulties, quanta have important theoretical implications for physics. It used to be supposed that, in the observation of nature, the universe could be divided into two distinct parts, a perceiving subject and a perceived object In physics, subject and object were supposed to: be entirely distinct, so that a description of any part of the universe would be independent of the observer. The quantum theory, however, suggests otherwise, for every observation involves the passage of a complete quantum from the object to the subject, and it now appears that this passage constitutes an important coupling between observers and observed.We can no longer make a sharp division between the two in an effort to observe nature objectively. Such an attempt at objectivity would distort the crucial interrelationship of observer and observed and observed as parts of a single whole.But, ever for scientists, it is only in the world of atoms that this new development makes any appreciable difference in file explanation of observations.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.The author uses the analogy of the childs drawing at the end of the first paragraph primarily in order to（ ）.3.According to the passage, quanta with an extremely long wavelength cannot be used to give complete information about the physical world because they（ ）.4.According to the passage, the quantum theory can be distinguished from previous theories of physics by its（ ）.问题1选项A.discuss a problem that hinders precise perception of the worldB.point out the inadequacies of accepted unite of measurementC.criticize attempts to distinguish between perceiving subjects and perceived objectsD.compare and contrast rival scientific hypotheses about how the world should be measured and observed.问题2选项A.illustrate the ultimate limitation in the precision of sense-data conveyed by quantaB.show the sense of helplessness scientists feel in the face of significant observational problemsC.anticipate the objections of those scientists who believe that no instrumental aid to observation is entirely reliableD.disparage those scientists who believe that measurement by means of quanta offers an accurate picture of the world问题3选项A.exist independently of sense-dataB.are graduated only in inchesC.cannot with present-day instruments, be isolated from quanta of shorter wavelengthD.provide an insufficiently precise means of measuring length and position问题4选项A.insistence on scrupulously precise mathematical formulationsB.understanding of the inherent interrelationship of perceiver and perceivedC.recognition of the need for sophisticated instruments of measurementD.emphasis on small-scale rather than on large-scale phenomena【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章大意可知文章主要讲到了我们视觉感知的局限性阻碍人类精确感知世界的问题，随后由该问题引入极长波长量子的概念并加以讨论，所以这篇文章的主要目的是讨论阻碍人类精确感知世界的问题，所以A选项讨论一个阻碍对世界的精确认知的问题正确； B选项 “指出现行测量单位的不合理性”、C选项 “对于将观察者与被观察物进行区分的行为 进行批判”和D 选项“比较不同的科学对于如何测量和观察世界的问题的不同假设”都只是文章中的细节部分。2.推理判断题。文章在第一段的末尾运用了类比的修辞手法，要想找到作者以孩童作画作比的目的需要往回追溯，分析文章第一段的倒数二、三句“There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us: this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense-data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. Since these quanta are believed to be indivisible packages of energy and so cannot be further retied, we reach a point beyond which further resolution of the world is not possible. 然而，任何仪器都无法超越一个极限:这个极限是由我们无法接收比单个量子能量所传递的更小的感官数据所造成的。由于这些量子被认为是不可分割的能量包体，因此不能进一步退退，我们达到了一个无法进一步解决世界问题的地步。”推断出A选项是对这两句的句义转述，符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段第二、三句“And these quanta would be useful, as long as we only wanted to measure energy, but a completely accurate perception of the world will depend also on the exact measurement of the lengths and positions of what we wish to perceive. For this, quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless.” “ 当我们只需测量能量时，这些带有极长波长的量子是有用的。但是对世界绝然精确的感知，还将有赖于对我们所期望感知的物体的长度以及位置作出准确的测量，而在这一方面带有极长波长的量子就没有什么作用了”确定带有极长波长的量子不能用来获取物质世界的信息的原因为D选项 “不能对长度和位置进行精确测量”。4.细节事实题。根据第三段的最后两句“In physics, subject and object were supposed to:.and it now appears that this passage constitutes an important coupling between observers and observed.”主要讲到了在物理学中，主体和客体被假定为绝然互不相关的，然而，量子理论暗示情形恰恰相反，因为每一项观察都涉及一个完整的量子从客体到主体的过渡，而现在看来，这一过渡构成了观察者与被观察物之间的一种重要的结合。由此可知量子理论和己有的物理理论之间的区别在于量子理论对于观察者与被观察物内在联系的理解，B选项正确。10. 单选题Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery .The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of light. As we all know, light is hot; my source of light - from the sun itself down to a humble match burning will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes.Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the form of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no unwanted damagea true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried. The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.1.Up until the 1960s the instruments used to perform surgical operations were（ ）.2.After the development of the laser in the 1960s, we find that（ ）.3.The laser beam is so strong because（ ）.4.Surgeons can now carry out operations which（ ）.问题1选项A.fashionableB.extraordinaryC.specialD.basic问题2选项A.medical help became available for industrial workersB.the study of art went through a complete revolutionC.mans whole approach to surgery changed completelyD.more and more surgeons began using surgical instruments问题3选项A.it is composed of a concentrated beam of lightB.its heat is increased by the heat of the sunC.it can be plugged into an ordinary lightD.it sends out heat in many different directions问题4选项A.can be performed successfully only on the human eyeB.result in very little damage to the patients themselvesC.me made much more complicated by using the laser beamD.result in long periods of recovery time for patients【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章开头Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic.20世纪60年代之前，外科手术使用过的工具有：石头，锋利的骨头和角，金属刀，橡胶和塑料。确定这些工具都是很基本的，D选项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段中所举的眼科手术的例子可知，使用激光做手术，可以让患者感觉轻松和舒服，不需要很长时间就能恢复，彻底改变了外科手术的方法，C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据第一段中“The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated This means that alight with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam. 然而，激光束中的光是集中的，这意味着不需要比普通电灯泡产生更多的能量就能点燃，当它集中在一个针尖大小的光束上时，就会变得非常强烈。” 可知，激光光束强是因为它的光束没有分散，而是集中成针尖大小的光束，所以A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据“No knives, no unwanted damagetrue surgical wonder.Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. 没有刀，没有不必要的伤害真正的外科奇迹。手术曾经让病人精疲力竭，需要很长时间的恢复，现在让他们感到放松和舒适。 ” 可知，使用激光做外科手术，可以让病人遭受极少的痛苦，B选项正确。11. 单选题Newly woven Indian baskets often（ ）a strange smell.问题1选项A.give awayB.give overC.give offD.give up【答案】C【解析】词组辨析。A 选项“放弃，分发或赠与，有意或无意地泄露某事物或出卖某人”； B选项 “停止做某事”； C选项 “发出（光、气味等），长出（枝、杈等）”； D选项 “放弃，投降”；依据题目中的关键词smell和句意新编织的印式筐经常散发出一股奇怪的气味确定C选项正确。12. 单选题Miss Robin tried to（ ）all errors from the typescript by going through it very carefully.问题1选项A.objectB.duplicateC.approveD.eliminate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。A选项 “反对，抗议”； B选项 “复制，重复”； C选项 “同意，赞成”； D选项 “消除，清除，淘汰”；依据句意罗宾小姐仔细检查打字稿，力求消除所有的错误确定D选项正确。13. 翻译题Like waistlines in many prosperous countries, cell phones are going XXL and some of their owners are struggling to tuck them in.Jeremy Roche, 47 years old, owns a Samsung Galaxy Note II phone that is about 75% larger than the original Apple Inc. iPhone, and roughly the size and heft of an extra-large Hersheys chocolate bar, with about an inch nibbled off the end. It “did feel weird” at first to hold his big phone to his head for calls, he says, but now he loves his ample screen.After years of evolution from brick-size monstrosities into slim pocket devices, cell phones are going in reverse. South Koreas Samsung Electronics Co. is credited or blamed 一 with bringing big phones back into the main