2022年考博英语-北京大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷53

2022年考博英语-北京大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1.The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because （ ）.2.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because _.3.According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on _.问题1选项A.it is essential to personal freedom in American societyB.it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.personal health choices help cure most illnessesD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health问题2选项A.current medical knowledge is still insufficientB.there are many factors influencing our decisionsC.people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friendsD.few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life问题3选项A.personal decisionsB.societys lawsC.friends opinionsD.statistical evidence【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D【解析】1.细节推理题。题干：个人健康选择的概念很重要，因为_。文章第二句话提到“An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge”，可知个人健康的正确选择将避免约90%的疾病，如果不做合理选择就可能导致疾病。因此D选项符合题意。2.细节推理题。题干：合理的个人健康选择往往很难做出，因为_。由“choice”定位到文章第一段倒数第二句，往下看到第二段第一句对此现象做了总结：A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors。说明影响因素是方方面面的。因此B选项符合题意。3.细节推理题。题干：弗里斯和克拉波认为，健康的选择应该基于_。根据文章最后两句可知弗里斯和克拉波认为“personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity”，统计数据才能确定哪些是有利于健康的行为。因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题For a nation of pet lovers, Britain conducts a surprising number of experiments on animals some 3 m a year. America appears to use fewer animalsjust 1.1 m a year, according to official statisticsbut that is an illusion. Unlike Britains government, Americas does not think rats and mice worth counting. Japan and China have even less comprehensive data than America, and animals used in research in those two countries are not protected to the same extent that they are in the West. Even so, academic centers supporting alternatives to animal testing have emerged in both places in recent years. In July China issued its first set of guidelines governing the use of animals in research.In an ideal world, there would be no animal testing. It is expensive and can be of dubious scientific value, since different species often react differently to the same procedure. That is why many researchers are working on ways of reducing the number of animal experiments needed and of making those that still happen more effective. However, the transition is proving easier for some types of experiment than for others, as a group of researchers in the field discussed at the sixth World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, held last week in Tokyo.The most important message from the congress was that things are going in the right direction. The number of animals used in experiments has fallen by half in the past 30 years, at least in those countries that record such things. There has also been a shift in the sort of animal used. Most of those employed today are rodents rather than dogs, cats, rabbits and monkeys. (That public opinion generally welcomes this is, however, a good example of cutist prejudice for one species over another: there is no reason to believe that rodents suffer less than other mammals.) Also, of the experiments that are still conducted, the majority are now concerned with developing and testing medicine rather than, say, checking how toxic cosmetics are. Of the 11 m animals involved each year in experiments that have to be reported to the European Commission, about 45 % are used for medical and veterinary purposes and another 35% for basic biomedical research.1.Which of the following is an illusion?2.Many researchers are currently trying to _.3.The cutist prejudice probably refers to the fact that _.问题1选项A.Britain protects animals used in research better than Japan and China.B.China has issued guidelines governing the use of animals in research.C.Japan has less comprehensive data on animal testing than America.D.America conducts fewer experiments on animals than Britain.问题2选项A.use animals involved in research more effectivelyB.slow down the transition for some experimentsC.challenge the scientific value of animal testingD.raise the cost of using any animals in research问题3选项A.pet animals are thought to suffer more in experimentsB.rodents are believed to react in the same way with humansC.testing medicine is supposed to do more harm than testing cosmeticsD.what sort of animals to use is reckoned more crucial than whether to use them【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A【解析】1.细节题。题干：下面哪个是“错觉”？根据“an illusion”定位到文章第一段第二句“America appears to use fewer animalsjust 1.1 m a year, according to official statisticsbut that is an illusion”，说明美国用动物做的试验似乎少一些是错觉。因此D选项符合题意。2.细节题。题干：许多研究人员目前正试图_。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段中“many researchers are working on ways of reducing the number of animal experiments needed and of making those that still happen more effective”，研究人员在采取措施减少动物使用量，并提高成效。因此A选项符合题意。3.细节题。题干：cutist prejudice可能指的是_。根据关键词定位到文章第三段，后面提到“there is no reason to believe that rodents suffer less than other mammals”没有理由认为啮齿类动物（在实验中）遭受的痛苦比其他哺乳动物要少，这表明了对于不同物种间持有的偏见。因此A选项符合题意。3. 单选题commutation via the telegraph began in the 1840s, just before the Civil War, and via the telephone just afterward (1870s).问题1选项A.InstantaneousB.SpontaneousC.SimultaneousD.Instinctive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。instantaneous“瞬间的”；spontaneous“自发的”；simultaneous“同时的”；instinctive“本能的”。句意：通过电报进行的同时通讯始于内战前的19世纪40年代，后来（19世纪70年代）很快开始通过电话进行同时通讯。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Nobody knows what triggered the event, which _ a million cubic meters of water per second, obliterating the barrier between Britain and France.问题1选项A.releasedB.relievedC.restoredD.retained【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。release“释放；排放”；relieve“解除；减轻”；restore“恢复，还原”；retain“保持”。句意：没有人知道是什么引发了这场洪灾，每秒钟排放100万立方米的水，淹没了英国和法国之间的屏障。因此A选项符合题意。5. 单选题How can I ever concentrate if you _ continually _ me with silly questions?问题1选项A.have, interruptedB.had, interruptedC.are, interruptingD.were, interrupted【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句中带有continually时，可用现在进行时表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态。句意：如果你不断用这种无聊的问题打扰我，我怎么能集中精力呢？因此C选项符合题意。6. 单选题_ they think it will come to an end through the hands of God, or a natural disaster or a political event, whatever the reason, nearly 15 percent of people worldwide think the end of the world is coming, according to a new poll.问题1选项A.EitherB.WhetherC.NeitherD.If【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：一项最新调查显示，全世界近15%的人认为世界末日即将来临。要么是通过上帝之手，要么是天灾或者政治事件。根据题干中or可知空格处应填写与之搭配的词语，只有eitheror符合要求。因此A选项符合题意。7. 单选题At first, the company refused to purchase the equipment, but this decision was _revised.问题1选项A.subsequentlyB.successivelyC.predominantlyD.preliminarily【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。subsequently“随后”；successively“相继地”；predominantly“主要地；显著地”；preliminarily“初步地”。句意：起初，该公司拒绝购买设备，但这一决定被修改了。根据句意选用“后来”更合适，因此A选项符合题意。8. 单选题The（ ）manuscripts are still able to tell a lot about the author who charmed the world with his works several hundred years ago.问题1选项A.extendedB.intentC.extantD.distant【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。extended“延伸的”；intent“专心的；坚决的”；extant“现存的；显著的”；distant“遥远的；冷漠的”。句意：这些手稿仍然能够告诉我们许多关于这位几百年前用他的作品迷倒世界的作家的事情。由此可知“现存的手稿”更复合句意。因此C选项符合题意。9. 单选题We（ ）admire his courage and self-confidence.问题1选项A.can butB.cannot onlyC.cannot butD.can only but【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。can but“只能”；cannot only“不能只”；cannot but“不得不，禁不住”；can only but 无此用法。句意：我们佩服他的勇气和自信。因此C选项符合题意。10. 单选题The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalias famine is over. But the official declarationmeans little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow.Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson College, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 - 1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. Thats at least partly because the Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects.Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening and gathered for the event, “Sound the Hom: Famine in the Hom of Africa.” Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti，where he has worked for decade，and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies.Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Mondays speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with todays instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given todays global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response.“In todays 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. Were no longer in a world of man against nature. ” said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School.Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5.The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need. But the international community isnt blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didnt respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it.Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Mondays speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis.Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response right, because the warning signs are pointing to an impending famine in Africas Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert.1.The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that（ ）.2.In treating the malnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT（）3.What is implied by “Were no longer in a world of man against nature”？4.Regarding the current famine in Somalia, whos to blame most?5.What problem still remains from the current Somali famine?问题1选项A.it received less international aidB.worst effects came more slowlyC.it caught more attention from the worldD.it lasted longer despite help from the UN问题2选项A.making fair trade policiesB.aiding the patients familiesC.ignoring the indication of povertyD.exercising agricultural interventions问题3选项A.Natural disaster alone cannot explain famine.B.We live in a world of many man-made matters.C.The world is made up of conflicting social forces.D.Human beings fight with one another for better life.问题4选项A.The United States.B.The Al-Shabaab militia.C.The United Nations FAO.D.The international community.问题5选项A.The number of malnourished children remains unknown.B.Half of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance.C.Crops growing from recent rains were reaped before reaching maturity.D.Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatly reduced during the famine.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。题干：索马里这次饥荒与1991 -1992年的饥荒不同是因为_。本文第二段提到了1991-1992的饥荒，最后一句中提到“ delayed the worst effects”，说明这次饥荒比之前那次的最坏的影响来得晚些。因此B选项符合题意。2.细节题。题干：在治疗营养不良的病人时，应注意以下几点除了_。本文第三段提到malnourished patients，后文中“and aid to families should be part of wearing the child broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed ”，对应选项A、B、D。因此C选项符合题意。3.判断推理题。题干：“我们不再处于一个人与自然作斗争的世界”指的是什么？根据语句定位到文章第五段，前文中“In todays 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made”表明现在与饥荒有关的一切几乎都是人为的，单纯自然灾害这个因素不足以解释饥荒，因此A选项符合题意。.4判断推理题。题干：关于索马里目前的饥荒，谁是罪魁祸首？题干中的blame可对应上第七段第二句的blameless，由此可定位。往前看到“the largest feature”可知最大的人为因素是青年党民兵组织。因此B选项符合题意。5.细节题。题干：索马里目前的饥荒还遗留着什么问题？本文倒数第二段中提到，尽管联合国宣告饥荒已结束，但问题还有很多。A选项中营养不良的孩子的数由官方统计而来；B选项half the population与文中a third of the population不符；C选项的were reaped before 与原文的takes months to reach maturity不符。因此D选项符合题意。11. 单选题Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crabs claw. Premodem cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors ( oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A. D. , Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the bodys four “humors” brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B. C. concluded: “There is no treatment. The experience of cancer has always been terrible，but，until modem times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever) ； “apoplexies” (what we now call strokes and heart attacks) ； and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption” (tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modem disease par excellence,” and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modem life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer notably of the breast and the ovaries to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchans wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine” judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy”. In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”, and in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,” Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.1.According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians（） .2.Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?3.Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”？4.“Neurasthenia” and diabetes are mentioned because（）5.As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?问题1选项A.called cancer the crabB.were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC.found out the cause of cancerD.knew about a lot of malignant tumors问题2选项A.Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer.B.In the past, people did not fear cancer.C.Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement.D.Some physicians believed that ones own behavioral mode could lead to cancer.问题3选项A.Modem cancer care is very effective.B.There is a lot more cancer now.C.People understand cancer in radically new ways now.D.There is a sharp increase in mortality in modem cancer world.问题4选项A.they are as fatal as cancerB.they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C.peopl