2022年考博英语-湖北省联考考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第182期

2022年考博英语-湖北省联考考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitchs latest book, Left Back : A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti- intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, reorder, and adjust, while intellect examines, thinks, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”1.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?2.We can learn from the passage that Americans have a history of（ ）.3.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are（ ）.4.Emerson, according to the passage, is probably （ ）.5.What does the author think of intellect?问题1选项A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.问题2选项A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence问题3选项A.identicalB.similarC.complementaryD.opposite问题4选项A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling问题5选项A.It evolves from common sense.B.It is second to intelligence.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.根据第一段第三句“Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.”学校是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方，而不是为了知识而追求知识的地方。选项C符合原文。2.根据第四段最后两句，Hofstadter说，从我们的历史开始，我们对民主和平民主义的渴望就驱使我们拒绝任何带有精英主义的东西。实用性、常识和天生的智慧被认为比你从书本上学到的任何东西都要高尚。由此可以推断，美国有不重视知识的历史。选项A符合原文。3.根据第二段可知，Ravitch认为学校处于一个实用性比知识更重要的社会，起到一个平衡的作用。根据第五段的内容可知，Emerson认为学校和严格的书本学习人为地限制了孩子。由此可知，两人的观点是截然相反的。选项D正确。4.根据第五段的内容可知，爱默生认为学校教育限制了孩子的发展，下文提到马克吐温的哈克贝利费恩历险记就是美国反智主义的一个例证。书中主人公为了避免被教化上学和学习阅读这样他就能保持他与生俱来的善良。由此可知，他们持相同的观点，都是反智主义，选项B正确。5.结合文章内容可知，作者大部分内容都是在探讨美国对知识的不重视，而作者对此是持批判的态度，作者鼓励人们追求知识。选项C符合原文。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:2. 单选题Because of the close （ ）of architects and builders, the building was completed ahead of schedule.问题1选项A.simulationB.compositionC.collaborationD.inflation【答案】C【解析】simulation模拟；composition作曲, 构成；collaboration合作；inflation膨胀。句意:由于建筑师和施工人员的密切合作, 这座建筑提前完工。选项C符合句意。3. 填空题One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found in or near the West End. They are vast buildings, many stories （1） ; in them one may buy almost anything one wants, （2） a box of matches to a suite of furniture. Most of （3） are very modern and are equipped with speedy lifts and escalators, and have well-planned lighting, （4） and heating. You can spend hours wandering （5） one of these stores, and you will probably lose your （6） while you are doing so, in spite of the public notices pointing the way （7） the lifts and entrances. （8） you have been in the store so long （9） you feel hungry, you will （10） need to leave the building, for nearly all the big stores have cafes, snack （11） or restaurants. You can ring up a friend from a telephone-box and you may （12） at the theater agency to book a seat（13） an evening show; or you may drop （14） a travel department and arrange for a （15） in Wales or Western Australia. If you （16） homesick, you will be able to get a newspaper or magazine （17） your own country at the newspaper counter; and in book department you will （18） able to buy the complete （19） of William Shakespeare and the latest thriller. You can inspect the goods on sale （20） your leisure, and you will not be pestered to buy, though occasionally an assistant may ask whether he can be of help to you.A. bear uponB. stand up toC. insist onD. persist in【答案】1、high 2、from 3、them 4、ventilation 5、around6、way/direction 7、to 8、If 9、that 10、not11、bars 12、call 13、for 14、into/by 15、holiday/vacation/trip16、feel/get 17、of/from 18、be 19、works 20、at【解析】1、根据句意以及句子结构可知, 填空处应填入形容词修饰stories（楼层）, 根据前面的vast可推测, 这里填入high符合原文语境。2、from.to.从.到., 原文指从一盒火柴到一套家具, 这里应有尽有。3、根据下文的描述, 大多数都非常现代化并且配备有电梯和扶梯, 可以推断出这是对大商店的描写, 所以这里用them来指代。4、根据关键词“well-planned”以及“heating”可以推测, 既然计划周密, 有暖气设备, 当然也得有通风设备, 所以这里填入ventilation。5、wander around为固定搭配, 意为“徘徊”。6、句意:徘徊于这些商店你可能会迷路。lose ones way/direction指迷路, 迷失方向。7、根据句意:尽管有公共告示指明通往电梯和入口的路。the way to为固定搭配, 指“通往.的路”。8、根据句意以及上下文可知, 这里是一种假设的情况, 所以填入if。9、考查so that的句型。句意:在商店待得太久以至于饿了。10、根据下文, 几乎所有的大商店都有咖啡馆, 小吃店以及餐厅。由此可以推断, 当你饿了不需要离开这里, 所以填入not。11、snack bars为常用短语, 指“小吃店, 快餐店”。12、call at为固定搭配, 指“拜访, 访问”。句意:你可以去剧院代理处预定晚上节目的座位。13、book for为固定搭配, 表示“预定”。14、根据原文句意:你可以顺便去旅游部门。drop by/into都表示顺便拜访, 顺便进入。15、结合上下文语境:安排一个到威尔士或者西澳大利亚的假期或者旅行。所以填入holiday/vacation/trip都可以。16、句意:如果你想家了.。feel/get表示有.的感觉或者倾向。17、根据句意:你可以在报馆买到自己国家的报纸或杂志。from和of均符合原文句意。18、be able to为固定搭配, 表示“可以, 能够”。19、根据原文句意可知, 这里指可以买到全部的莎士比亚作品。20、at leisure为固定搭配, 表示“从容地, 休闲地”。这里指在你闲暇的时候可以看看减价的商品。4. 单选题The history of modern pollution problems shows that most have resulted from negligence and ignorance. We have a shocking tendency to interfere with nature before all of the possible consequences of our actions have been studied in depth. We produce and distribute radioactive substances, synthetic chemicals, and many of other powerful compounds before fully comprehending their effects on living organisms. Our education is dangerously incomplete.It will be argued that the purpose of science is to move into unknown territory, to explore, and to discover. It can be said that similar risks have been taken before, and those risks are necessary to technological progress.These arguments overlook an important element. In the past, risks taken in the name of scientific progress were restricted to a small place and a brief period of time. The effects of the processes we now strive to master are neither Idealized nor brief. Air pollution covers vast urban areas. Ocean pollutants have been discovered in nearly every part of the world. Synthetic chemicals spread over huge stretches of forest and farmland may remain in the soil for decades. Radioactive pollutants will be found in the biosphere for generations. The size and persistence of these problems have grown with the expanding power of modern science.One might also argue that the hazards of modern pollutants are small compared with the dangers associated with other human activity. No estimate of the actual harm done by smog, fallout, or chemical residues can obscure the reality that the risks are being taken before being fully understood.The importance of these issues lies in the failure of science to predict and control human intervention into natural processes. The true measure of danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to the environment.1.According to the author, the major cause of pollution is the result of（ ） .2.According to the passage, the risks brought about by modern science are greater than those by earlier scientific efforts because（ ）.3.In the authors opinion, the key to the settlement of the modern pollution lies in（ ） .4.It can be inferred that the attitude of scientists towards pollution has been（ ） .问题1选项A.a strong desire to move into unknown territoryB.a lack of understanding the history of technologyC.designing synthetic chemicals to kill living organismsD.changing our environment without fully considering risks问题2选项A.the effects may be felt by more people for a longer timeB.technology has produced more dangerous chemicalsC.science is progressing faster than ever beforeD.the modern pollutants have been localized问题3选项A.the expansion of modern scienceB.the disposal of potential pollutantsC.the awareness of our responsibilityD.the human interference with nature问题4选项A.naiveB.concernedC.worriedD.nonchalant【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.根据第一段的一二句可知, 现代污染问题的历史表明, 大多数是由于疏忽和无知造成的。我们有一种令人震惊的倾向, 即在深入研究我们的行为可能产生的后果之前就干预自然。也就是说, 在没有充分考虑风险的情况下就改变环境。选项D符合原文。2.根据第三的内容可知, 在过去, 以科学进步的名义所冒的风险被限制在一个小地方和处于短期时间内。我们现在努力掌握的工序的效果既不理想, 也不会是短暂的。随着现代科学力量的不断扩大, 这些（污染）问题的规模和持久性也在不断扩大。选项A符合原文。3.根据最后一段最后一句“The true measure of danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to the environment.”如果我们进入技术的新时代而不首先评估我们对环境的责任, 我们将遇到真正的危险。所以说, 解决现代污染的关键在于我们的责任感。选项C正确。4.虽然文中并没有提及科学家们, 但文章在第三段和第五段提及, 现代科学进步, 污染问题却越来越严重, 说明科学家们没有引起足够的重视, 所以他们的态度是冷漠的, 漠不关心的。选项D正确。5. 单选题Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human beings. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planets dominant, most distinctive feature一the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earths surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earths surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three- dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750 000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.1.What is the main point of the passage?2.Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests (Para. 1)?3.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are （ ）.4.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forest because（ ） .5.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?问题1选项A.Humans are destroying thousands of species.B.There are thousands of insect species.C.The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.D.Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.问题2选项A.They share many similar species.B.They are approximately the same size.C.Most of their inhabitants require water.D.Both have many different forms of life.问题3选项A.insectsB.bacteriaC.mammalsD.birds问题4选项A.there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctionsB.more phyla and classes of life are represented in the seaC.many insect species are too small to divide into categoriesD.marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace问题5选项A.Ocean life is highly adaptive.B.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.C.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.D.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.根据原文内容可知，第一段提到, 人类对热带雨林生物多样性的报道很多，但对海洋生物多样性的报道却很少。接下来的段落便是描述海洋生物多样性体现在哪些方面以及事实依据, 所以本文的主旨是海洋生物物种比热带雨林生物物种更丰富，选项C正确。2.根据第一段最后一句“coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.”就生物的丰富程度而言，珊瑚礁可与雨林相媲美。也就是说二者都有许多不同的生命形式，也就是丰富的物种，选项D符合原文。3.根据第三段的内容可知，世界上有一半的已知物种生活在雨林中，因为构成物种主体的昆虫数量庞大。由此可知，热带雨林中的大多数物种是昆虫。选项A正确。4.根据第三段最后两句，如果更强调基本的和主要的物种，如生物的分类和级别，而不对他们进行区分，那么毫无疑问，生命的多样性存在于海洋之中。几乎每一种主要的动物和植物都有一些代表性。所以海洋生物物种丰富的原因是海洋中生物的分类和级别太多。选项B符合原文。5.根据最后一段第一句“To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.”要充分欣赏海洋生物的多样性，需要从小事做起。再根据第一段提及的对热带雨林生物多样性的报道很多，但对海洋生物多样性的报道却很少，说明人们只重视保护热带雨林物种多样性而忽略了海洋物种多样性，作者意在呼吁人们注意保护海洋物种及其栖息地。选项D正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:6. 单选题My work with leaders from all walks of life has（ ） me that they were not born leadersthey are made.问题1选项A.advocatedB.impliedC.convincedD.illustrated【答案】C【解析】convince sb. that .“使某人相信.”。句意:我与各行各业领导人的共事让我相信, 他们不是天生的领导者, 而是后天形成的。选项C正确。7. 单选题A friendship may be（ ）, casual, situational or deep and lasting.问题1选项A.identicalB.originalC.superficialD.critical【答案】C【解析】根据句意可知, 填空处的内容应该与or后面意思相反且与casual, situational意思相近。句意:友谊可以是浅薄的、随意的、场合性的, 也可以是深刻的、持久的。只有选项C符合语境。8. 翻译题The Englishman has been called a political animal, and he values what is political and practical so much that ideas easily become objects of dislike in his eyes,and thinkers, miscreants, because practice is everything, a free play of the mind is nothing. The notion of the free play of mind upon all subjects being a pleasure in itself,being an object of desire,being an essential provider of elements without which a nations spirit,whatever compensations it may have for them,must in the long run,die of emptiness,hardly enters into an Englishmans thoughts. It is noticeable that the word curiosity,which in other languages is used in a good sense,to mean, as a high and fine quality of mans nature,just this disinterested love of a play of the mind on all subjects, for its own sakeit is noticeable,I say,that this word has in our language no sense of the kind,no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one. But criticism, real criticism, is essentially the exercise of this very quality.It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively of practice,politics,and everything of the kind; and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best,without the intrusion of any other considerations whatsoever. This is an instinct for which there is,I think, little original sympathy in the practical English nature,and what there was of it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of Romanticism.It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule of its course,in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it,and to produce fruit for the future,it ought to take,which may be summed up in one worddisinterestedness. And how is criticism to show disinterestedness? By keeping aloof from what is called “the practical view of things”; by resolutely following the law of its own nature, which is to be a free play of the mind on all subjects it touches. By steadily refusing to lend itself to any of those concealed, political, practical considerations about ideas, which plenty of people will be sure to attach to them, but which criticism has nothing to do with. Its business is,as I have said,simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas. Its business is to do this with inflexible honesty, with due ability; but its business is to do no more.【答案】对所有事物的自由思考本身就是一种乐趣,一种愿望,为民族精神提供了赖以生存 的重要因素,不管其他什么样的补偿,一个国家的民族精神终究会由于空洞而消逝。但这种 认识很难进入英国人的思想。好奇心遵循一种本能,促使它不考虑实践、政治和所有类似的事物,汲取世界上知识 和思想的精华; 并且促使它在这个过程中不受任何其他考虑的侵扰,珍视知识和思想。至关重要的是,英国的批评界若想利用向它敞开的领域,若想在将来有所收获,必须 清楚应该为自己的发展道路选择什么样的原则。这种原则可以用“客观” 一词加以概括。9. 单选题A common myth about eating disorders is that they influence primarily economically advantaged white teenage girls. However, in（21）, as summarized in the Nine Truths, “Eating disorders （22） people of all genders, ages, races, ethnicities, body shapes and weights, sexual orientations, and socioeconomic statuses.”One of the （23） with the myth is that it can prevent those who do not match the stereotype from （24） they have an eating disorder. It also discourages professionals （25） noticing other cases of eating disorders. A study in 2006 found that doctors or nurses were less likely to （26） an eating disorder diagnosis to a person （27） his/her case history if his/her race was （28） as African American than if it was portrayed as Caucasian or Hispanic Whites.Indeed, many eating disorder （29） from diverse backgrounds have now （30） and said that their failure to fit the stereotype caused delays in diagnosis and （31）. As we know,