2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试名师点拨押题密卷63（含答案详解）

2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 单选题He first read this book by borrowing it from his Chinese classmate at Oxford. And he was so enchanted. In order to translate it, he even resigned from his chair at Oxford.问题1选项A.contentedB.fascinatedC.frustratedD.astonished【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. contented （尤指因生活好而）满意的，惬意的 B. fascinated 入迷的，极感兴趣的C. frustrated 无效的，没有得到满足的 D. astonished 吃惊的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】enchanted的意思为“着了魔的；极乐的”，在这里指的是看到这本书被深深地吸引，非常高兴和激动，fascinated与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】他第一次读这本书是从他在牛津大学的中国同学那里借来读的，然后就被迷住了。为了翻译这本书，他甚至辞去了牛津大学的教职。2. 单选题The many rivers of Chile are relatively short, generally rising in the Andes and flowing west to the Pacific. In the northern and central regions the rivers are fed primarily by the perpetual snow cover of the Andes.问题1选项A.everlastingB.expansiveC.outwardD.movable【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. everlasting 永久的，永恒的，经久不变的 B. expansive 广阔的，辽阔的C. outward 表面的，外表的 D. movable 可移动的，活动的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】perpetual的意思为“持续的，长久的”，用来形容snow，指的是安第斯山脉的永久性积雪，everlasting与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】智利的许多河流相对较短，大多发源于安第斯山脉，向西流向太平洋。在北部和中部地区，河流的主要水源是安第斯山脉的永久性积雪。3. 单选题Investigators of monkeys social behavior have always been struck by monkeys aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwicks on the reduction of space or the withholding, of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intergroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets ever more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities perse.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys behavior?3. The passage suggests that investigators of monkeys social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because _.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to _.问题1选项A.advancing a new methodology for changing a monkeys social behaviorB.comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeysC.discussing the development of investigators1 theories about aggression among monkeysD.examining the effects of competition on monkeys social behavior问题2选项A.Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.B.Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild.C.Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.D.Food deprivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys.问题3选项A.aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeysB.successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey groupC.most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulsesD.most monkeys are social, yet they frequently respond to newcomers entering existing social units by attacking them问题4选项A.keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groupsB.control aggressive behavior among group membersC.prevent the domination of that group by anotherD.prevent aggressive competition for incentives between that group and another【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _. 本文作者主要关注的是_。A. advancing a new methodology for changing a monkeys social behavior A. 提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法B. comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys B. 比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法C. discussing the development of investigators1 theories about aggression among monkeys C. 讨论研究人员关于猴子间攻击性的理论的发展D. examining the effects of competition on monkeys social behavior D. 考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段讲述研究人员对猴子间的攻击性很感兴趣（struck by monkeys aggressive potential），并且展开调查（first investigations）；第二段讲述研究人员最初的观点（Investigators initially believed），这个观点在实验中（experiments like Southwicks）受到质疑（doubted）；第三段讲述对野生动物和灵长类群体攻击性的研究（Studies）和得到的证据（evidence）；第四段解释研究结果（These studies of intruders suggest）。综上所述，本文围绕研究猴子间攻击性的过程为中心展开讨论，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法”：文中没有提到此新方法，属于无中生有；B选项“比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法”：文中没有对这些方法进行比较，属于无中生有；D选项“考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响”：竞争是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys behavior? 以下哪个选项最恰当地总结了文章中缺乏食物对猴子行为影响的发现？A. Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives. A. 缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励。B. Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild. B. 在实验室环境中，缺乏食物可能会增强猴子的长期攻击性，但在野生环境中只会导致暂时的增强。C. Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict. C. 缺乏食物可能会暂时增强猴子之间的攻击性，但也会导致冲突的减少。D. Food deprivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys. D. 缺乏食物降低了猴子攻击事件的强度，但没有降低频率。【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词food deprivation定位到第二段倒数一、二句，该处讲到“减少空间或不给猴子喂食（withholding），只能暂时增强（temporary increases）猴子群体内部的攻击性。事实上（Indeed），缺乏食物不仅没有增强攻击性（failed to increase aggression），而且在某些情况下实际上导致了攻击频率的降低（decreased frequencies of aggression）。”，结合第三段第一句“对极端缺乏食物条件下的野生动物的研究同样表明（likewise revealed），饥饿的猴子几乎没有剩余的能量用于攻击性互动（little energy remaining for aggressive interaction）。”，可知缺乏食物可能会在短期增强攻击性，但会导致冲突减少，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励”：对应第二段倒数第二句“奖励对竞争的激励作用开始受到怀疑（the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted）”，可知这里的激励作用受到质疑，不是真实的，属于反向干扰；B选项“在实验室环境中，缺乏食物可能会增强猴子的长期攻击性，但在野生环境中只会导致暂时的增强”：缺乏食物在长期来看，会降低攻击性，对于野生环境同样适用，属于反向干扰；D选项“缺乏食物降低了猴子攻击事件的强度，但没有降低频率”：对应第二段最后一句“缺乏食物在某些情况下实际上导致了攻击频率的降低（decreased frequencies of aggression）”，可知降低了攻击频率，属于反向干扰。第3题:【选项释义】The passage suggests that investigators of monkeys social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because _. 这篇文章表明，猴子社会行为的研究人员对猴子的攻击性行为特别感兴趣，因为_。A. aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys A. 攻击性是猴子最常见的社会行为B. successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group B. 为奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序C. most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses C. 大多数猴子具有潜在的攻击性，然而，它们生活在社会群体中，如果不控制它们的攻击性冲动，社会群体就不能正常运转D. most monkeys are social, yet they frequently respond to newcomers entering existing social units by attacking them D. 大多数猴子是群居的，但它们经常对进入已存在的社会群体的新来者进行攻击【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词interested in aggressive behavior定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“研究猴子社会行为的研究人员一直被猴子的潜在攻击性（monkeys aggressive potential）以及随之而来的对其攻击性行为进行社会控制的需要（need for social control of their aggressive behavior）所吸引（struck）”，可知研究人员猴子的攻击性行为感兴趣的原因是，它们具有潜在的攻击性，并且需要控制攻击冲动，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“攻击性是猴子最常见的社会行为”：文中没有提到猴子最常见的社会行为是攻击性行为，属于无中生有；B选项“为奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序”：文中没有提到为了得到奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序，属于无中生有；D选项“大多数猴子是群居的，但它们经常对进入现有的社会群体的新来者进行攻击”：对应第三段倒数第二句“引发攻击的最有效刺激之一（most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression）是将入侵者引入一个有组织的群体”以及第四段第二句“当一只新动物进入一个已存在的社会组织时，新来者会遇到更严重的攻击（the newcomer meets ever more serious aggression）。”，可知这是在说猴子在什么时候最具有攻击性，而不是研究人员对猴子的攻击性感兴趣的原因，属于偷换概念。第4题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to _. 从文章中可以推断出，为了_，在一群猴子中建立和维护社会秩序必不可少。A. keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groups A. 防止猴子走失并加入其他群体B. control aggressive behavior among group members B. 控制群体成员的攻击性行为C. prevent the domination of that group by another C. 防止一个群体被另一个群体控制D. prevent aggressive competition for incentives between that group and another D. 防止不同群体之间为奖励而激烈竞争【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词social order定位到第四段第一句，该处讲到“必须建立社会秩序以控制动物之间的关系（control interanimal relationships）”，结合该段第三句“在第二种有社会制度的情况下，群体中的动物则会围攻新来者，从而在开始便将新来者驱逐出现有的社会群体（initially excluding the new animal）。”，可知建立和维护社会秩序是为了不让猴子加入外部族群，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“控制群体成员的攻击性行为”：属于无中生有；C选项“防止一个群体被另一个群体控制”：文中没有提到群体之间的控制，属于无中生有；D选项“防止不同群体之间为奖励而激烈竞争”：文中没有提到群体之间因为奖励而竞争，属于无中生有。4. 填空题I had already put in 10 years of work on my book when I ran into a complete dead end. Writing about my first ancestor, Kunta Kinte, for his voyage to America aboard a slave ship, had become impossible for me. A B C D【答案】C for 改为on【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】on ones voyage to意思为“某人去的航行”，为固定搭配。【句意】当我陷入一个完全的死胡同时，我已经为我的书花费了10年的时间。对我来说，要写我的祖先昆塔肯特坐贩奴船去美国的故事，是不可能做到的事。5. 单选题This third pattern can be used by moderately autonomous departments in an enterprise that wants to share its services with other departments.问题1选项A.independentB.cooperativeC.productiveD.supportive【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. independent 独立的，自主的，自治的 B. cooperative 合作的，协作的C. productive 有效益的，富有成效的 D. supportive 给予帮助的，支持的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】autonomous的意思为“自治的，有自治权的”，这里指的是企业中适度自治的部门，independent与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】第三种模式可以使用于企业中适度自治并且希望与其他部门共享服务的部门。6. 单选题Stunkard and his colleagues emphasized that those with “fat genes” are not doomed to a lifetime of obesity.问题1选项A.subjectedB.destinedC.enduredD.sustained【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. subjected （v.）使顺从，（尤指）压服 B. destined （adj.）注定，（尤指）命中注定C. endured （v.）忍耐，忍受 D. sustained （v.）维持（生命、生存）【答案】B【考查点】词义辨析。【解题思路】doomed的意思为“使注定失败（或遭殃、死亡等）”，指的是不是注定一辈子肥胖，无法改变，destined与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】斯图卡德和他的同事们强调，那些有肥胖基因的人并不是注定要一生肥胖。7. 单选题They denounce deficit spending, declaring that you cant solve debt problems with more debt.问题1选项A.condemnB.disputeC.contendD.neglect【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. condemn 谴责，指责 B. dispute 对提出质询，对表示异议（或怀疑）C. contend （尤指在争论中）声称，主张 D. neglect 忽略，忽视【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】denounce的意思为“谴责，指责”，指的是谴责财政赤字，condemn与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】他们谴责财政赤字，宣称增加债务并不能解决债务问题。8. 单选题The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920s and 1930s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters, replaced the microbe hunters.In the 1940s and 1950s，biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are tracking genesthe blueprints for each of the enzymesand are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseasesdiabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain. What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. How do vitamins influence health?3. Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the last paragraph of the passage?4. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?问题1选项A.The microbe hunters.B.The potential of genetic engineering.C.The progress of modern medical research.D.The discovery of enzymes.问题2选项A.They are necessary for some enzymes to function.B.They protect the body from microbes.C.They keep food from spoiling.D.They are broken down by cells to produce energy.问题3选项A.Critical.B.Speculative.C.Appreciative.D.Emotional.问题4选项A.The focus of medical research will change in the next two decades.B.Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck.C.Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe hunters.D.Most diseases are caused by defective genes.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】What is the main topic of the passage? 这篇文章的主题是什么？A. The microbe hunters. A. 微生物猎人。B. The potential of genetic engineering. B. 基因工程的潜力。C. The progress of modern medical research.C. 现代医学研究的进展。D. The discovery of enzymes. D. 酶的发现。【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段提出为了探究一些可怕疾病的成因，二十世纪二十年代前，医学研究的焦点是微生物（dominated by the microbe hunters），到20年代和30年代，变成维生素（vitamin hunters, replaced the microbe hunters）；第二段提出，在40年代和50年代，酶成了研究重点（enzyme hunters occupied center stage）；第三段提出焦点变成了基因（gene hunters）；最后一段提出基因也会被取代（the gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight）。综上所述，作者根据时间顺序，介绍了在不同时间段，现代医学研究的进程，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“微生物猎人”，B选项“基因工程的潜力”和D选项“酶的发现”：是文章部分内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。第2题:【选项释义】How do vitamins influence health? 维生素如何影响健康？A. They are necessary for some enzymes to function. A. 它们是某些酶发挥作用所必需的。B. They protect the body from microbes. B. 他们保护身体免受微生物的侵害。C. They keep food from spoiling. C. 它们防止食物变质。D. They are broken down by cells to produce energy. D. 它们被细胞分解产生能量。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词vitamins influence health定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“生物化学家努力研究为什么每种维生素对健康都必不可少（vitamins was essential for health）”，结合下一句“新陈代谢中关键酶（key enzymes）依赖于某种维生素（vitamins）作为辅酶进行化学反应（as coenzymes to perform the chemistry）”，可知有的酶发挥作用需要维生素的配合，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们保护身体免受微生物的侵害”：文中没有提到微生物侵害身体的情况，属于无中生有；C选项“它们防止食物变质”：文中没有提到食物变质的问题，属于无中生有；D选项“它们被细胞分解产生能量”：对应第二段第二句“关键酶（key enzymes）执行化学反应，为细胞的生长和发挥功能提供能量（provides cells with energy）。”，可知这里讲的是酶，而不是维生素，属于张冠李戴。第3题:【选项释义】Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the last paragraph of the passage? 以下哪个选项对作者在文章最后一段的语气描述最恰当？A. Critical. A. 批判性的。B. Speculative. B. 猜测的。C. Appreciative. C. 感激的。D. Emotional. D. 情绪激动的。【答案】B【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词定位到第四段，该段用了大量问句，结合第一句“我们可以预期（we can expect）”以及第四句“我想知道（I wonder）”，可知在最后一段，作者表达了自己的各种疑问和猜测，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“批判性的”：作者不是在批判，属于曲解原文；C选项“感激的”：作者不是在表达感激，属于曲解原文；D选项“情绪激动的”：用了大量问句，不是为了表现自己情绪激动，而是为了强调自己的疑问与猜测语气，属于曲解原文。第4题:【选项释义】With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree? 作者最可能同意下列哪一种说法？A. The focus of medical research will change in the next two decades. A. 医学研究的重点在未来20年将会改变。B. Medical breakthroughs often depend on luck. B. 医学上的突破常常依靠运气。C. Medical research throughout the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe hunters. C. 整个二十世纪的医学研究一直由微生物猎人主导。D. Most diseases are caused by defective genes. D. 大多数疾病是由缺陷基因引起的。【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第四段第三句，该处讲到“在我们这个衰落世纪的最后十年（in the last decade of our waning century）和下一个世纪的头几十年（in the early decades of the next），哪种猎人（Which kind of hunter）会主宰世界？”，可知作者认为医学研究的重点在未来20年有可能会改变，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“医学上的突破常常依靠运气”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；C选项“整个二十世纪的医学研究一直由微生物猎人主导”：对应第一段第一句“本世纪的前二十年（first two decades of this century），微生物猎人占据了主导地位。”，这里的时间是本世纪头二十年，而不是整个世纪，属于偷换概念；D选项“大多数疾病是由缺陷基因引起的”：对应第三段第一句“导致遗传疾病（cause inherited diseases）的缺陷基因”，可知遗传疾病由缺陷基因引起，而不是大多数疾病，属于偷换概念。9. 填空题Sedona, located in Arizonas high desert, is famous for its _ beautiful red-sandstone formations. (startle)【答案】startlingly【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】横线处修饰形容词beautiful，所以应该用副词，startlingly意思为“惊人地”，在这里强调美丽的程度，符合语境。【句意】塞多纳位于美国亚利桑那州的高沙漠地带，以美丽的红砂岩而闻名。10. 填空题Asian American children of high school age generally outscore other students on the Scholastic