2022年考博英语-燕山大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第157期

2022年考博英语-燕山大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at _.问题1选项A.lossB.stakeC.dangerD.threat【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项loss“损失”；B选项stake“（在公司、计划等中的）重大利害关系”，at stake“得失都可能；有风险”；C选项danger“危险”；D选项threat“威胁，恐吓；凶兆”。句意：农民比城市里的人更渴望雨水，因为他们面临着更多_。根据语境，这里指的是没有下雨的话，农民比城市里的人面临更多不确定因素，结合短语at stake“得失都可能；有风险”，B选项stake“（在公司、计划等中的）重大利害关系”符合题意。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题This is the Chinese _, translated from English.问题1选项A.publicationB.editorC.printingD.version【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项publication“发行，出版物”；B选项editor“（报刊、杂志的）主编”；C选项printing“（书籍的）一次印刷”；D选项version“（电影、剧本、乐曲等的）版本”。句意：这是英文翻译过来的中文_。根据语境，这里指的是这原来是英文的，被翻译成了中文，D选项version“（电影、剧本、乐曲等的）版本”符合题意。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题I didnt know where to send this _ letter.问题1选项A.registeredB.maidC.mailD.male【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项registered“（信或包裹）挂号的”；B选项maid“女仆”；C选项mail“邮件，信件”；D选项male“男性的”。句意：我不知道该把这封_信寄到哪里。根据语境，这里指的是寄信，横线处修饰letter，A选项registered“（信或包裹）挂号的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _ comfortably.问题1选项A.wearingB.are wornC.is wornD.wears【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查主谓一致。句意：这种眼镜由经验丰富的工匠制作，戴起来很舒服。This kind of glasses是句子主语，manufactured by experienced craftsmen是修饰主语的定语，横线部分是谓语动词，comfortably是状语。根据主语是第三人称单数确定wears符合题意。A选项wearing是非谓语动词；B选项are worn和C选项is worn是被动语态，这里不用被动语态。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题His guess was _ of the mark.问题1选项A.distantB.farC.broadD.wide【答案】D【解析】8.【试题答案】D【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A选项distant“遥远的；不同的”；B选项far“远方的”；C选项broad“宽的；广泛的”；D选项wide“宽阔的；宽度为的”。D选项be wide of the mark“离题万里，文不对题”，其余选项非固定搭配，用法错误。句意：他猜得太离谱了。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题Do women tend to devalue the worth of their work? Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critically than they do to rewarding the work of others? These were the questions asked by Michigan State University psychologists Lawrence Messe and Charlene Callahan-Levy. Past experiments had shown that when women were asked to decide how much to pay themselves and other people for the same job, they paid themselves less. Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.One theory the psychologists tested was that women judge their own work more harshly than that of others. The subjects for the experiment testing this theory were men and women from the Michigan State undergraduate student body. The job the subjects were asked to perform for pay was an opinion questionnaire requiring a number of short essays on campus-related issues. After completing the questionnaire, some subjects were given six dollars in bills and change and were asked to decide payment for themselves. Others were given the same amount and were asked to decide payment for another subject who had also completed the questionnaire.The psychologists found that, as in earlier experiments, the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves. They also found that the women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women. The differences were substantial. The average paid to women by themselves was $2.97. The average paid to men by themselves was $4.06. The average paid to women by others was $4.37. In spite of the differences, the psychologists found that the men and the women in the experiment evaluated their own performances on the questionnaire about equally and better than the expected performances of others.On the basis of these findings, Messe and Callahan-Levy concluded that womens attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability.1. The experiment designed in the passage would be most relevant to the formulation (表述) of a theory concerning the _.2. How is the research of Messe and Callahan-Levy related to earlier experiments in the same field?3. Which of the following statements is supported by the facts stated in the passage?4. The work of Messe and Callahan-Levy tends to support which of the following notions?5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _.问题1选项A.generally lower salaries received by women workers in comparison to menB.reluctance of some women to enter professions that are traditionally dominated by menC.anxiety expressed by some women workers in dealing with male supervisorsD.prejudices often suffered by women in attempting to enter the workforce问题2选项A.It suggests a need to discard methods used in earlier experiments.B.It tends to weaken the assumptions on which earlier experiments were designed.C.It suggests that the problem revealed in earlier experiments may be more widespread than previously thought.D.It helps to explain a phenomenon revealed in earlier experiments问题3选项A.Men tend to pay themselves more than they pay other men for the same work.B.Women tend to pay men more than they pay other women for the same work.C.Men tend to pay women less than they pay other men for the same work.D.None of the above.问题4选项A.Women are generally less concerned with financial rewards for their work than men are.B.Men are willing to pay women more than women are willing to pay themselves.C.Payment for work should generally be directly related to the quality of the work.D.Women judge their own work more crucially than they judge the work of men.问题5选项A.it is not always reliable to measure womens ability by how much they earnB.women would rather attach importance to sacrifices than ask for repayment for their workC.women tend to assess their ability of work by their own self-worth rather than monetary valuesD.women generally remain indifferent to how much money they should obtain from their work【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations（Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），可知实验是为了验证女性工资普遍较低的相关话题，A选项“与男性相比，女性员工的工资普遍较低”正确。B选项“一些女性不愿意进入传统上由男性主导的职业”，C选项“一些女性员工在与男性主管打交道时表现出焦虑”和D选项“在试图进入职场时，女性经常遭受偏见”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。2.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句Past experiments had shown thatFollowing up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.（过去的实验表明在这一发现的基础上，Messe和Callahan-Levy设计了一些实验，以检验为什么女性的薪酬往往较低的几种流行学说），结合第三段第一句as in earlier experimentsThey also found that（与之前的实验一样他们还发现），可知Messe和Callahan-Levy的实验是为了解释之前实验现象的原因，结果与之前的实验结果如出一辙，并且有进一步的发现，可以为先前的实验提供进一步的解释，D选项“有助于解释在之前实验中发现的现象”正确。A选项“表明有必要抛弃在之前实验中使用的方法”：文中没有提到早期实验的方法以及对此的看法，属于无中生有。B选项“倾向于削弱之前实验设计所依据的假设”：其结果印证了之前的假设，属于反向干扰。C选项“表明早期实验揭示的问题可能比以前认为的更广泛”：文中没有提到在早期实验之前的观点，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。A选项“做同样的工作，男性付给自己的报酬往往比别人的多”：文中没有对比男性给自己的和给其他人的金钱差异，属于无中生有。B选项“做同样的工作，女性往往付给男性的钱比给其他女性的多”：根据第三段第一二句the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselveswomen paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women.（女性给自己的报酬低于男性给自己的报酬女性给自己的报酬低于其他女性，也低于男性给女性的报酬），文中没有对比女性给其他女性和男性的报酬，属于无中生有。C选项“做同样的工作，男性付给女性的钱往往比给其他男性的少”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。D选项“以上都不是”：A、B、C选项都不正确，因此D选项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第二句the women paid themselvesless than the men paid the women（女性付给自己的钱比男性付给女性的少），可知男性付给女性的报酬比女性给自己的报酬高，B选项“男性愿意支付给女性的薪水要高于女性愿意支付给自己的薪水”正确。A选项“与男性相比，女性一般不太关心工作的经济报酬”：根据最后一段womens attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋），可知女性没有男性那么渴望较高的报酬，但不代表女性不关心自己得到的报酬是多少，属于推理过度。C选项“工作报酬一般应与工作质量直接相关”和D选项“女性评判自己的工作比男性的工作更重要”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段womens attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability（女性对其工作相对较低的金钱价值依恋，不能完全基于她们对自己能力的判断），可知女性不那么追求高报酬，并不是因为能力低，A选项“用收入多少来衡量女性的能力并不总是可靠的”正确。B选项“妇女宁愿重视牺牲，也不愿要求对她们工作的回报”和D选项“女性通常对她们应该从工作中获得多少钱漠不关心”：虽然女性没有要求那么高的报酬，但不至于对钱漠不关心，愿意做出巨大的牺牲，属于推理过度。C选项“女性倾向于通过自我价值而不是金钱价值来评估自己的工作能力”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题The gentleman _ a cherub with his letter.问题1选项A.combinedB.includedC.keptD.enclosed【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项combined“结合”；B选项included“包括”；C选项kept“保留”；D选项enclosed“随函（或包裹等）附上”。句意：那位先生在信中_一个小天使。根据语境，这里指在信中附加一个小天使，D选项enclosed“随函（或包裹等）附上”符合题意。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题On no account _ to anyone who works in the company.问题1选项A.my name must be mentionedB.my name must mentionC.must my name be mentionedD.must my name mention【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查倒装结构。句意：无论如何不能向在公司工作的任何人提及我的名字。根据否定词谓语句首，确定用部分倒装，语序是否定词+be动词/情态动词/助动词+主语+剩余部分；根据my name和mention是被动关系，确定用被动语态。C选项must my name be mentioned符合题意。其余选项用法错误。因此C选项正确。9. 单选题You must be very careful; the work _ precision.问题1选项A.retainsB.entailsC.retailsD.repels【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项retains“保持”；B选项entails“牵涉；需要”；C选项retails“述说（尤指别人的事情）”；D选项repels“击退；赶走”。句意：你必须非常小心；这项工作_精确。根据语境，这里指这是份细致的工作，B选项entails“牵涉；需要”符合题意。因此B选项正确。10. 单选题He has a bad impression of his _ in the office.问题1选项A.barbersB.audienceC.colleaguesD.bullets【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项barbers“理发师；理发店”；B选项audience“观众；听众；读者”；C选项colleagues“同事”；D选项bullets“子弹”。句意：他对办公室里的_印象很差。根据语境，办公室里的是同事，C选项colleagues“同事”符合题意。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题He _ a sum of money every month to help the two orphans.问题1选项A.set alongB.sets inC.sets asideD.sets up【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查短语辨析。A选项set along非短语；B选项sets in“（不好的事物）到来”；C选项sets aside“省出，抽出；把抛在脑后”；D选项sets up“设置；成立；创建”。句意：他每个月_一笔钱来帮助那两个孤儿。根据语境，这里指的是拿出钱来帮助孤儿，C选项sets aside“省出，抽出”符合题意。因此C选项正确。12. 单选题I think I was at school, _ was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.问题1选项A.or elseB.and thenC.or soD.even so【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项or else“要不然”；B选项and then“然后；其次”；C选项or so“大约”；D选项even so“即使如此”。句意：当我听到这个消息时，我想我是在学校，_是在和一个朋友度假。根据语境，这里指的是要么在学校，要么在度假，A选项or else“要不然”符合题意。因此A选项正确。13. 单选题Jane and Susan have _ again and do not speak to each other.问题1选项A.fallen inB.fallen backC.fallen outD.fallen of【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项fallen in“倒塌”；B选项fallen back“后退，撤退”；C选项fallen out“闹翻”；D选项fallen of“的掉落”。句意：简和苏珊又_了，谁都不理谁。根据语境，这里指的是她们两人闹矛盾，都不搭理对方，C选项fallen out“闹翻”符合题意。因此C选项正确。14. 单选题It was a wonderful play with a _ of over fifty actors and actresses.问题1选项A.listB.groupC.bunchD.herd【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查固定搭配。A选项a list of“一系列”；B选项a group of“一群（人）”；C选项a bunch of“一束；一堆”；D选项a herd of“一群（牛、鹿等）”。句意：这是一出精彩的话剧，由_超过五十名男女演员参演。根据语境，这里指的是一群人参演了话剧，B选项a group of“一群（人）”符合题意。因此B选项正确。15. 单选题It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _ free medical care.问题1选项A.entitled toB.involved inC.associated withD.assigned to【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词组辨析。A选项entitled to“有权享有；有的资格”；B选项involved in“涉及”；C选项associated with“与有关”；D选项assigned to“被分配给”。句意：众所周知，我国的退休工人_免费医疗。根据语境，这里指的是退休工人有免费医疗的权利，A选项entitled to“有权享有；有的资格”符合题意。因此A选项正确。16. 单选题He said he is my _ friend but I dont think so.问题1选项A.intensiveB.onionC.intimateD.occasion【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项intensive“密集的”；B选项onion“洋葱，葱头”；C选项intimate“亲密的，密切的”；D选项occasion“某次，的时候”。句意：他说他是我_的朋友，但我不这么认为。根据语境，这里形容的是我们之间的关系是怎样的，C选项intimate“亲密的，密切的”符合题意。因此C选项正确。17. 单选题Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how theyll change America. Rightly so. But selfishly, Im more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the worlds attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that were all hot-tempered single mothers who cant keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still cant escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers.These images have helped define the way all black women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself.It wont be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what theyd like to see Michelle bring to the White Housemainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyonean impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image thats been around for far too long.1. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?2. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?3. What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?4. What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?5. What do many African-American women hope Michelle Obama will do?问题1选项A.She serves as a role model for African women.B.She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.C.She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.D.She will pay closer attention to the interests of African-American women.问题2选项A.They are victims of violence.B.They are of an inferior violence.C.They use quite a lot of body language.D.They live on charity and social welfare.问题3选项A.Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.B.How Michelle should behave as a public figure.C.How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.D.What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.问题4选项A.However many fans she has, she should remain modest.B.She shouldnt disappoint the African-American community.C.However hard she tries, she cant expect to please everybody.D.She will give priority to African-American womens concerns.问题5选项A.Help change the prevailing view about black women.B.Help her husband in the task of changing America.C.Outshine previous First Lady.D.Fully display her fine qualities.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段But selfishly, Im more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American womanAnd that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.（但就我个人而言，我更为米歇尔奥巴马着迷，以及她可能会为这个国家做些什么，也为我这个非裔美国女性做些什么这意味着人们将第一次有机会近距离接触他们很少见到的非裔美国女性。），可知作者关心的是非裔美国女性米歇尔可以为国家和非裔美国女性做些什么，因为她是很少见到的非裔美国女性，展示了非裔美国女性的新形象，C选项“她将向世界展示了非裔美国女性的新形象”正确。A选项“她是非洲妇女的榜样”：米歇尔是美国人而非非洲人。B选项“作为第一夫人，她拥有许多令人钦佩的品质”：作者没有具体提到米歇尔的优点。D选项“她将更加关注非洲裔美国妇女的利益”：根据第三段第二句Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself.（在她有机会作为第一夫人投身于一项事业、慈善事业或基金会之前，她最紧迫、或许也是最复杂的职责可能就是做自己。），可知米歇尔的当务之急是做好自己，还没有到投身于事业的时候。因此C选项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句The prevailing theory seems to be that were all hot-tempered single mothers who cant keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still cant escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic mothers.（常见的理论似乎是，我们都是脾气暴躁的单身母亲，留不住男人。在人们的想象中，黑人女性仍然无法摆脱成见，在别人看来，她们受人歧视、性欲过度、被未婚酗酒的母亲养大。），前一句对应暴虐的特点，后一句对应粗俗的特点，B选项“她们粗俗暴虐”正确；在非洲裔美国女性的普遍刻板印象中，她们是施暴者而不是受害者，她们性欲过多而非肢体语言过多，A选项“她们是暴力的受害者”和C选项“她们过多使用肢体语言”错误。D选项“她们靠慈善和社会福利生活”：文中没有提到。因此B选项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第五段第二句Many African-American blogs have written about what theyd like to see Michelle bring to the White Housemainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family.（许多非裔美国人的博客写了他们希望看到米歇尔给白宫带来什么主要是向世界展示，一位黑人女性可以支持她的丈夫，养育一个强大的黑人家庭。），可知许多非裔美国人期望米歇尔为白宫做的是展示如何做好妻子和母亲，D选项“作为妻子和母亲米歇尔在白宫应该做什么”正确。A选项“米歇尔是否能达到她的粉丝们的高度期望”和C选项“他们有一个黑人妇女入主白宫是多么的自豪”：文中没有提到。B选项“作为一个公众人物米歇尔应该如何表现”：这里更侧重的是作为女性，尤其是母亲和妻子，米歇尔该怎么做，而非只是作为公众人物。因此D选项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise, confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image thats been around for far too long.（但对许多像我一样的非裔美国女性来说，只要她稍稍展现出一点沉着、自信和智慧，就将对改变长久以来人们对非裔美国女性的印象大有帮助。），可知作者希望米歇尔不要让人失望，展现自己的沉着、自信和智慧，B选项“她不应该让非裔美国人社区失望”正确。A选项“不管她有多少粉丝，都应该保持谦虚”：文中没有提到。C选项“不管她怎么努力，都不可能让每个人都满意”：根据文章倒数第二句Michelle will have to work to please everyonean impossible task.（米歇尔将不得不努力取悦每个人一项不可能完成的任务。），可知作者表达的重点是取悦每个人这件事情不可能做到，但是米歇尔必须努力去做，而非再努力也不能让每个人满意。D选项“她将优先考虑非裔美国妇女所关心之事”：根据第三段第二句Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself.（在她有机会作为第一夫人投身于一项事业、慈善事业或基金会之前，她最紧迫、或许也是最复杂的职责可能就是做自己。），可知米歇尔不会优先考虑事业，包括非裔美国妇女所关心之事。因此B选项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise, confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image thats been around for far too long.（但对许多像我一样的非裔美国女性来说，只要她稍稍展现出一点沉着、自信和智慧，就将对改变长久以来人们对非裔美国女性的印象大有帮助。），可知对于非裔美国女性来说，她们最希望的就是米歇尔帮助改变人们对她们的刻板印象，而展示优秀品质只是达成这个目标的方式，不是表达的重点，A选项“帮助改变对黑人妇女的普遍看法”正确，D选项“充分展示她的优秀品质”错误。B选项“帮助她的丈夫完成改变美国的任务”和C选项“超越前第一夫人”：文中没有提到。因此A选项正确。18. 单选题Sleep is a funny thing. We re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of strokeprobably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing (睡) soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents (住院医生) are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a doctor, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldnt have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often dont think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories,” says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours,” one writes. “I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.“Practically every surgical resident I know