2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题75（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题In the late 1960s integrated circuit, tiny transistors and other electrical components arranged on a single chip of silicon (硅), replaced individual transistors in computers. Integrated circuits became miniaturized (使小型化), enabling more components to be designed into a single computer circuit.【答案】20世纪60年代末，安装在一块硅片上的集成电路、微型晶体管和其他电子元件取代了计算机中的单个晶体管。集成电路小型化使人们将更多组件设计成一个单一的计算机电路。2. 单选题Each boy and each girl _ ordered to leave the classroom.问题1选项A.wasB.wereC.hasD.have【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. was B. wereC. has D. have【答案】A【考查点】each用法和被动语态。【解题思路】句子的主语是boy and girl，因此他们应该是被要求离开教室，因此用被动语态，排除C和D选项；当and连接的两个并列主语前有each修饰时，强调个体，谓语动词用单数，因此排除B选项，选A。【干扰项排除】根据解题思路B、C、D选项均不符合语法结构。【句意】每个男生和女生都被要求离开教室。3. 单选题Throughout the nations more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, “no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science.” The reason, he said, “is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed.”The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va, is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study.Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school districts curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers activities. This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries.On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that “is a mile wide and an inch deep,” Schmidt notes.For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider. U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems “share our pattern of splintered visions” but which are not economic leaders.The new report “couldnt come at a better time,” says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington. “The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision,” including the call “to do less, but in greater depth.”Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards “face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble.”1. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _.2. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that _.3. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is “a mile wide and an inch deep” (Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice _.4. The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will _.5. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because _.问题1选项A.focused on tapping students potentialB.characterized by its diversityC.losing its vitality graduallyD.going downhill in recent years问题2选项A.it lacks a coordinated national programB.it sets a very low academic standard for studentsC.it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachersD.it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects问题3选项A.lays stress on quality at the expense of quantityB.offers an environment for comprehensive educationC.encourages learning both in depth and in scopeD.scratches the surface of a wide range of topics问题4选项A.provide depth to school science educationB.solve most of the problems in school teachingC.be able to meet the demands of the communityD.quickly dominate U.S. educational practice问题5选项A.there is always controversy in educational circles of these standardsB.not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing soC.school districts are responsible for making their own decisionsD.many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _. 根据文章，美国的科学和数学教学是_。A. focused on tapping students potential A. 侧重于挖掘学生的潜力B. characterized by its diversity B. 具有多样性的特点C. losing its vitality gradually C. 正逐渐失去其活力D. going downhill in recent years D. 正在走下坡路【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“尽管多样性有其优势，但一项新的国际分析表明，这种多样性反而导致了美国孩子相对于其他发达国家同龄人的成绩平平。”说明美国的教学具有多样性的特点。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“侧重于挖掘学生的潜力”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“正逐渐失去其活力”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“正在走下坡路”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】The fundamental flaw of American school education is that _. 美国学校教育的根本缺陷是_。A. it lacks a coordinated national program A. 它缺乏一个协调一致的国家计划B. it sets a very low academic standard for students B. 它为学生设定了非常低的学术标准C. it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers C. 它在很大程度上依赖于个别教师的主动性D. it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects D. 它过于重视学校课程的强化学习【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“因为这个体系存在深刻和根本的缺陷。”由第四段可知“报告发现，不仅美国各个社区教授科学和数学的方法各不相同，而且学区的课程、教科书或教师的活动中似乎也没有什么战略重点。这与大多数其他国家协调一致的国家计划形成鲜明对比。”分析全文，因为美国与其他国家不同，没有协调一致的国家计划，导致美国教育存在缺陷。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B选项“它为学生设定了非常低的学术标准”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“它在很大程度上依赖于个别教师的主动性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“它过于重视学校课程的强化学习”，文中提到“学区的课程、教科书或教师的活动中似乎也没有什么战略重点。”可知美国的教育没有重点，没有重视强化学习，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰。3.【选项释义】By saying that the U.S. educational environment is “a mile wide and an inch deep” (Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice _. 作者说美国的教育环境是“一英里宽，一英寸深”（第5段），意思是美国的教育实践_。A. lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity A. 强调质量而忽视数量B. offers an environment for comprehensive education B. 提供全面教育的环境C. encourages learning both in depth and in scope C. 鼓励学习的深度和广度D. scratches the surface of a wide range of topics D. 涉及面很广【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 5与题干信息可定位到第五段该句话的上文“平均而言，美国学生比其他国家的学生学习更多的科学和数学科目。”也就是说美国学生学习很多科目，可以推断美国教育涉及面很广。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“强调质量而忽视数量”，通过分析全文可知，美国教育强调数量忽视了质量，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；B选项“提供全面教育的环境”，文中没有提到全面教育，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“鼓励学习的深度和广度”，该选项是美国呼吁教育改革的改革方向，而不是该句所要表达的意思，该选项属于张冠李戴。4.【选项释义】The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will _. 新的国家科学教育标准是好消息，因为它们将_。A. provide depth to school science education A. 为学校科学教育提供深度B. solve most of the problems in school teaching B. 解决学校教学中的大多数问题C. be able to meet the demands of the community C. 能够满足社会的需求D. quickly dominate U.S. educational practice D. 很快主导美国的教育实践【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第三段“包括做得更少，但要更深入的呼吁”，由此可知教育改革会让教育更深入，也就是提供深度。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B选项“解决学校教学中的大多数问题”，曲解原文，该选项属于过度推断；C选项“能够满足社会的需求”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有D选项“很快主导美国的教育实践”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because _. 将新的科学和数学标准付诸实践将是困难的，因为_。A. there is always controversy in educational circles A. 在教育界一直有争议B. not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so B. 没有足够的教育者认识到这样做的必要性C. school districts are responsible for making their own decisions C. 学区有责任自己做决定D. many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards D. 许多学校教师质疑这些标准的可接受性【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第二段“他和施密特都认为，实施新的科学标准和相应的数学标准将是一项挑战，因为在美国，教育的责任分散，要求任何改革都需要一次针对一个社区制定和实施。”由此可知，教育改革要针对社区制定且教育责任分散，也就是说社区有责任自己做决定。【干扰项排除】A选项“在教育界一直有争议”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“没有足够的教育者认识到这样做的必要性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“许多学校教师质疑这些标准的可接受性”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。4. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want and live a completely sedentary life style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors both inherited and environmental influence the development of health related behaviors and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However the decision to adopt a particular health related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice Fries and Grapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity1. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because _.2. To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) in the passage means _.3. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because _.4. To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to _5. According to Fries and Crapo sound health choices should be based on _.问题1选项A.personal health choice help cure most illnessB.it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.it is essential to personal freedom in American societyD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health问题2选项A.to “live an inactive life”B.to “live a decent life”C.to “live a life with complete freedom”D.to “live a life of vice”问题3选项A.current medical knowledge is still insufficientB.there are many factors influencing our decisionsC.few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of lifeD.people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends问题4选项A.improving the quality of ones lifeB.limiting ones personal health choiceC.deliberately ending ones lifeD.breaking the rules of social behavior问题5选项A.personal decisionsB.societys lawsC.statistical evidenceD.friends opinions【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1. 【选项释义】The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because _. 关于健康的个人选择概念很重要，因为_。A. personal health choice help cure most illness A. 个人健康选择有助于治愈大多数疾病B. it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge B. 它有助于提高我们的医学知识水平C. it is essential to personal freedom in American society C. 它对美国社会的个人自由至关重要D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health D. 错误的决定会导致健康状况不佳【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段第二句“如果每个人都能做出明智的个人健康选择，并且不愿意看到它在社会的法律和道德范围内被限制，那么估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。”由此可知，正确的个人健康选择可以预防疾病，因此可以推断错误的选择会对健康有害。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“个人健康选择有助于治愈大多数疾病”，文中提到“如果每个人都能做出明智的个人健康选择，并且不愿意看到它在社会的法律和道德范围内被限制，那么估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。”可知个人健康选择可以预防疾病，而并不是治愈疾病，该选项属于偷换概念；B选项“它有助于提高我们的医学知识水平”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“它对美国社会的个人自由至关重要”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。2. 【选项释义】To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) in the passage means _. “过一种完全久坐的生活方式”(第1段)在文中的意思是_。A. to “live an inactive life” A. “过一种不活跃的生活”B. to “live a decent life” B. “过体面的生活”C. to “live a life with complete freedom” C. “过一种完全自由的生活”D. to “live a life of vice” D. “过着罪恶的生活”【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 1与题干信息可定位到第一段第四句“一种没有任何运动的完全久坐不动的生活方式（a completely sedentary life style without any exercise）”由此可知这种完全久坐的生活就是没有运动的生活，即不活跃的生活。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项属于曲解原文。3. 【选项释义】Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because _. 正确的个人健康选择往往很难做出，因为_。A. current medical knowledge is still insufficient A. 目前的医学知识仍然不足B. there are many factors influencing our decisions B. 有许多因素影响我们的决定C. few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life C. 很少有人愿意用生活的质量来换取生活的数量D. people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends D. 人们通常会受到朋友行为的影响【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段第一句“许多因素，包括遗传和环境影响（A multitude of factors both inherited and environmental influence）健康相关行为的发展，去讨论所有这些因素超出了本文的范围，因为它们可能影响任何给定的个人。”由此可知，有太多因素影响人们做决定。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“目前的医学知识仍然不足”，文中讲的是各种因素影响人们主观判断，并没有讲目前医学知识不足，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“很少有人愿意用生活的质量来换取生活的数量”，文中最后一句提到“因此，对于那些既想保持生活质量又想保持生活数量的人来说，个人健康选择应该反映那些与增加活力和长寿的统计概率相关的行为。”由此可知“很少有人愿意用生活的质量来换取生活的数量”与做出正确健康选择无关，该选项属于张冠李戴；D选项“人们通常会受到朋友行为的影响”，朋友影响属于外界环境影响，而由文中可知遗传和环境影响健康相关行为的发展，该选项是片面概括，属于以偏概全。4. 【选项释义】To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to _ 有意识地允许自己追求不健康的习惯被Fries和Crapo比作_。A. improving the quality of ones life A. 提高一个人的生活质量B. limiting ones personal health choice B. 限制个人健康选择C. deliberately ending ones life C. 故意结束自己的生命D. breaking the rules of social behavior D. 打破社会行为的规则【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段最后两句“在讨论个人选择的道德问题时，Fries和Grapo做了一个比喻。他们认为，明知自己的行为有缩短寿命的统计概率，却仍然去追求，这类似于试图自杀（attempting suicide）。”由此可知追求不健康的行为类似于自杀也就是结束自己的生命。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“提高一个人的生活质量”，该选项属于曲解原文；B选项“限制个人健康选择”，该选项属于曲解原文；D选项“打破社会行为的规则”，该选项属于曲解原文。5. 【选项释义】According to Fries and Crapo sound health choices should be based on _. 弗莱斯和克拉波认为，合理的健康选择应该基于_。A. personal decisions A. 个人的决定B. societys laws B. 社会的法律C. statistical evidence C. 统计证据D. friends opinions D. 朋友的意见【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到文章最后一句“因此，对于那些既想保持生活质量又想保持生活数量的人来说，个人健康选择应该反映那些与增加活力和长寿的统计概率（statistical probability）相关的行为。”因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“个人的决定”，文中有提到“明知自己的行为有缩短寿命的统计概率，却仍然去追求，这类似于试图自杀”因此不能根据个人的决定而选择，该选项属于反向干扰；B选项“社会的法律”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“朋友的意见”，文中提到个人的选择会受到外界环境影响，但合理的选择并不能基于朋友的意见，该选项与原文意思相反，该选项属于反向干扰。5. 单选题She cut her hair short and tried to _ herself as a man.问题1选项A.decorateB.disguiseC.fabricateD.fake【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. decorate 装饰；装潢 B. disguise 假扮；装扮；伪装C. fabricate 编造；捏造 D. fake 伪造；冒充【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】句意：她把头发剪短，试图成男人。根据句意，她把头发剪短目的是伪装成男人的样子。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项decorate“装饰；装潢”，不符合语境；C选项fabricate“编造；捏造”，指捏造虚假信息以欺骗他人，题目中指的是改变造型而不是捏造虚假信息；D选项fake“伪造；冒充”，指使假的看起来是真的，尤指为了欺骗某人，题目说的是女人把头发剪短假扮男人，并不是使假的看起来是真的，且这里不存在欺骗的意思，因此该选项不符合语境。【句意】她把头发剪短，试图化装成男人。6. 翻译题机器人我们正生活在一个机器人承担许多工作的时代。机器人可以制造汽车、驾驶飞机和处理账单。不过这些机器人并不是人形机器。它们的外形并不像我们。它们是特别制造出来代替人做某些工作的机器，可以给它们以任何适宜的外形。机器人的“脑子”是一部电脑，它能够储存指令，并能够控制其它部件。机器人有手臂，能够做人用手干的多种工作。例如，机器人可以在汽车装配线上焊接车身和喷漆。使用机器人比使用工人的优越之处是它们可以不停地长时间工作，它们从不疲劳，而工作的准确性却始终如一。它们可以在人无法忍受的条件下工作，如有高温、有强烈的噪音或是有危险射线的场合，随着机器人数量的增加，它们的制造成本也会下降。尽管机器人正在迅速承担工业中的许多工作，但要在家里做家务活却似乎还差得很远。问题在于即使干一半的家务活也需要有一个非常复杂、非常昂贵的机器人。【答案】Robot7. 翻译题输出随输入的变化是很大的。【答案】The output varies greatly from the input.8. 单选题I suggest we put the scheme into effect, for it is quite _.问题1选项A.eligibleB.sustainableC.probableD.feasible【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. eligible 有资格的；合格的 B. sustainable （对自然资源和能源的利用）不破坏生态平衡的;合理利用的C. probable 很可能发生（或存在）的 D. feasible 可行的；行得通的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】句意：我建议我们把这个计划付诸实施，因为它相当。根据逻辑，前面讲建议计划付诸于现实，那么可知这个计划应该是可行的所以才要实施该计划。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】我建议实施这个计划，因为它是相当可行的。9. 翻译题这个电压为原来的2/5。【答案】This voltage is two-fifth of the original voltage.10. 翻译题Now zoom forward to our present time and think of our pre-Internet communication systems as sorts of protozoa (原生动物). What were witnessing today in the realm of cyberspacethe online reformulation of everything from the way we play and learn to how we shop and trade stocks may represent no less a world transforming change than the spectacular burst of creation so long ago.One notable difference: the primeval organisms did not have a guide book to inform them about what to expect and how to deal with some of the fabulous things to come. We do, in the recently released New Rules for the New Economy by Kevin Kelly, a founding editor of Wired magazine.“The key premise of this book is that the principles governing the world of the softthe world of intangibles, of media, of software, and of serviceswill soon command the world of the hardthe world of reality, of atoms, of objects, of steel and oil, and the hard work done by the sweat of brows.” Kelly writes. “Driving this economic transformation is the combination of shrinking computers and expanding communications,” he says, “We have seen only the beginnings of the anxiety, loss, excitement, and gains that many people will experience as our world shifts to a new highly technical planetary economy.” Does that sound like techno hype?Its barely a taste of the radical and often counterintuitive “rules” that Kelly dishes out. He employs an aphoristic (格言的) and, well, wired style that will easily appeal to geeks and should also turn on any mainstream readers who are a little more than curious about where the digitally rendered world is headed.Where its likely headed, in Kellys words, is “upside down”. Chew, for example, on the idea that “the surest way to smartness is through massive dumbness”. What that means in essence is that tiny computer chips, though relatively “dumb” on their own, can be added to billions of mundane objects and, thereby, yield substantial economic benefits. Such as real time buying patterns on everything from shirts to soda cans. In the conventional world of supply and demand where we all grew up, value came from scarcity. As in, diamonds, gold and oil. In a world of digital imperatives, as Kelly correctly points out, “power comes from abundance.” That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface, assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsofts more open Windows operating system, which leads us to another of Kellys hardwired laws: follow the free. In the universe of atoms, as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce. As gold is mined, nuggets (天然金块) at first may be easy, and therefore cheap, to find. But when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock, the price of gold becomes more dear.But in what Kelly terms “the new order”, the law of plentitude kicks in, leading a savvy company such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services or products. Similarly, expensive cell phones are offered as freebies (免费的东西) to gain contracts for phone services.Finally, Kelly tells us to look around and see how much the world has already changed under our very feet. An American farmer today, for instance, may still get some dirt under his fingernails, but much of his labor is performed u