2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第88期

2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Jack （ ）the problem in his mind for two days before he did something about it.问题1选项A.turned outB.turned toC.turned onD.turned over【答案】D【解析】考查动词词组辨析。turned out 结果是； turned to 转向，求助于；turned on 打开；turn over 仔细考虑。句意：杰克在采取行动之前，关于这个问题，他在脑海中仔细考虑了两天。D项符合句意，答案D2. 单选题The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the how to aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the how to material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism, as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis （诊断）and treatment of the person seeking help.Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.1.The main idea of the first paragraph is that（ ）.2.Much has been done on interviews in general（ ）.3.Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview,（ ）.4.The passage is most likely a part of（ ）.问题1选项A.generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers of journalismB.importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewingC.concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance in journalistic interviewingD.personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews问题2选项A.so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedB.though the study of the interviewing techniques hasnt received much attentionC.but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglectedD.and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing问题3选项A.but most of them wish to stay away from itB.and many of them hope to be interviewed some dayC.and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of itD.but most of them may not have been interviewed in person问题4选项A.a news articleB.a research reportC.a journalistic interviewD.a preface【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由第一段“As we know, in journalism, as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed. 正如我们所知，在新闻业和其他领域一样，我们可以从专业实践的系统研究中学到很多东西。这样的研究收集了一些证据，从中可以发展出广泛而普遍的原则。”可知第一段主要说明应该将重点放在专业实践的研究上。答案B第2题:细节事实题。由第二段中“Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. 遗憾的是，关于采访的大量文献很少关注新闻采访”可知C项“新闻采访作为一个特殊的领域被忽视了”正确。第3题:细节事实题。由最后一段中“However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. 然而，实际上很少有人已当面被大众媒体，特别是被电视采访”。可知D项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由最后一句as this book indicates可知文章有可能是一本书的序言。答案D3. 单选题Doctors are often caught in a （ ）because they have to decide whether they should tell their patients the truth or not.问题1选项A.puzzleB.perplexityC.dilemmaD.bewilderment【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。puzzle “迷，难题”；perplexity“困惑，混乱”；dilemma “进退两难的境地”；bewilderment “困惑，迷乱”。句意：医生常常陷入进退两难的境地，因为他们不知道是否应该告诉病人真相。由后半句句意可推测医生处于进退两难的境地，故C项正确。4. 单选题In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe（ ） Europe into a great war.问题1选项A.imposedB.pitchedC.insertedD.plunged【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。 impose强加，征税；pitch投掷，倾斜； insert插入；plunge跳入，使陷入。句意：1914年，东欧一件明显微不足道的小事让整个欧洲陷入一场大战争中。由insignificant event与a great war可知两者存在联系，即小事件引起大战争，D项符合题意。答案D5. 单选题We have arranged to go to the cinema on Friday, but we can be （ ）and go another day.问题1选项A.reliableB.probableC.feasibleD.flexible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。reliable“可靠的”； probable“很可能的”；feasible “可行的”；flexible “灵活的，柔韧的”。句意：我们已经安排好周五去看电影，但是我们也可以看情况改天去。由go another day可知空格处意为我们也不一定非得周五去，可以灵活变动，改天再去。答案D6. 单选题The author of the report is well （ ）with the problems in the hospital because he has been working there for many years.问题1选项A.acquaintedB.informedC.enlightenedD.advised【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。acquaint “使熟悉；使认识”，常与with连用；inform “通知，报告”，常用搭配be informed of ；enlighten“启蒙、教导”；advise“建议，劝告”。句意：这篇报道的作者非常了解医院的问题，因为他在这家医院已经工作很多年了。A项符合题意，答案A7. 单选题The remarkable （ ）of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin toestablish his theory of evolution.问题1选项A.classificationB.varietyC.densityD.diversion【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。classification “分类，类别”； variety “多样化”；density “密度”；diversion “转移，消遣”。句意：加拉帕戈斯群岛上生物显著的多样性激发了达尔文去建立自己的进化论。由后半句“激发了达尔文去建立自己的进化论”可推知该岛上的生物是多样的。答案B8. 单选题For more than 20 years, weve been supporting educational programs that （ ）from kindergartens to colleges.问题1选项A.spreadB.shiftC.moveD.range【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。 range from “从到（一个范围）”； spread from “从传播”； shift from “从转移”； move from “从搬走”。句意：20多年以来，我们一直在支持从幼儿园到大学的教育项目。该句表示从幼儿园到大学这个跨度范围，故D项正确。9. 单选题A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources- and labor supply-all these were important （1）in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they were not enough. Something（2） was needed to start the industrial process. Thatsomething special was men（3） individuals who could invent machines, find new sources of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.The men who（4） the machines of the Industrial-Revolution came from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were（5） inventors than scientist. A man who is a（6） scientist is primarily interested in doing his research accurately. He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used.An inventor or one interested in applied science is（7） trying to make something that has a concrete use. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories of science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a（8） result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of many other objectives.Most of the people who（9） the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions（10） a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years before.问题1选项A.reasonsB.factorsC.situationsD.cases问题2选项A.similarB.elseC.nearD.extra问题3选项A.generatingB.effectiveC.motivatingD.creative问题4选项A.employedB.createdC.operatedD.controlled问题5选项A.lessB.betterC.moreD.worse问题6选项A.genuineB.practicalC.pureD.clever问题7选项A.seldomB.usuallyC.sometimesD.never问题8选项A.singleB.specializedC.specificD.sole问题9选项A.proposedB.developedC.suppliedD.offered问题10选项A.becauseB.whileC.ifD.as【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C第7题:B第8题:C第9题:B第10题:C【解析】第1题:考查固定搭配。reason 和factor 放在这里都符合逻辑，由空格后面的介词in，可知应选factor 。reason一般接 for或者why引导的从句。故答案B第2题:考查形容词辨析。此句句意为还需要一些其他的东西，something else其他的东西，答案B第3题:考查形容词辨析。根据空后的“invent machines”可知此空应填“具有创造力的”，generating 产生的；effective 有效的； motivating 激发的；creative 创造性的。第4题:考查动词辨析。句意：在工业革命中发明这些机器的人。故答案B第5题:考查固定搭配。句意：发明机器的人大部分是发明家，而不是科学家。 morethan是而不是 答案C第6题:考查形容词辨析。根据“primarily interested in doing his research accurately. He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used.主要对自己的研究感兴趣。他不一定是为了利用他的研究成果而工作。”可推知这种科学家是纯粹的科学家。genuine 真正的，真实的； practical 实际的；pure纯粹的；clever 聪明的。答案C第7题:考查副词辨析。根据下文意思可知，usually符合句意。答案B第8题:考查形容词辨析。句意：“不管什么方法，他工作目的是获得特定的某种结果。”由空格后的举例可知他是为了获得某种特定的结果而工作。答案C第9题:考查动词辨析。 句意：工业革命时发明了这些机器的人大都是发明家而非科学家。答案B第10题:考查连词辨析。 句意：即使是那些没有受过科学专业训练的人，如果没有之前科学家们做出的基础工作，他们也不可能发明这些东西。所以应填if。答案C10. 单选题Why in an age of technology, should so many people still cling to an ancient belief? In part it must be because astrology （占星术）claims to tell us something about ourselves, and all of us are interested in ourselves. I think it is because astrology is presented as if it were a science by its modern practitioner, and many people are misled by this.In fact，astrology was never a science. It was not a hypothesis or theory developed to describe natural phenomena, and until fairly recent times, there was no attempt to test or verify its predictions. Astrology began approximately three thousand years ago in Babylonia, it was applied to monarchs and kingdoms, but not to individuals. It spread in the 6th century BC as Far as India, where it flourishes today. The Egyptians, meanwhile, developed their own kind of astrology. But the astrology now practiced in Europe and America is that developed by the Greeks, who synthesized the ideas of Babylonians and Egyptians and enriched them with concepts from their own fertile imaginations. The Greeks believed that the earth was composed of four elements, and the heavens of a perfect crystalline material. The planets themselves were variously thought to be gods, residences of gods, or at least manifestations of gods. The gods were immortal, but otherwise had the same attributes of anger, happiness, jealousy, rage and pleasure as we do. Now if what the gods thought was capricious （变化无 常的），at least the planets were predictable in their movements. Because our own lot in life is so unpredictable, it must be purely at the mercy of gods. But if the gods are the planets, or somehow associated with them, then we have only to learn the rules of the motions of the planets to understand the whims of the gods and how they shape our own lives. So the belief developed that each of our lives is preordained by the precise configuration of the planets in the sky at the time of our birth.Astrology could not, of course, have seemed as incredible to the ancients as it does to us .The role of the sun influencing our daily and yearly lives is obvious; it was a natural extension to attribute other powers to the other planets as well. It wasnt until the time of Newton that we understood that the laws of Nature apply to the celestial worlds as well as to the terrestrial one. During antiquity, however, all great scholars believed in astrology.1.Many people are misled by astrology because it is presented by the practitioners as（ ）.2.It is implied that astrology is based on the belief that（ ）.3.Which of the following is TRUE about the scholars before the time of Newton?4.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?问题1选项A.a theory that can describe natural phenomenaB.a magical key to understand themselvesC.an ancient belief that had long been applied to monarchsD.a mysterious power beyond the explanation of science问题2选项A.the gods intentions were hard to predictB.the fate of our lives were unpredictableC.the gods are closely related to the planetsD.the gods have the same attributes as we do问题3选项A.Some of them were convinced by astrology.B.They didnt know the laws of Nature apply to all planets.C.They played important roles in the development of astrology.D.Most of them found astrology incredible问题4选项A.To cast doubt on the origin of astrologyB.To compare astrology with real sciences.C.To point out the popularity of astrology.D.To justify the incredibility of astrology.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第一段“I think it is because astrology is presented as if it were a science by its modern practitioner, and many people are misled by this. 这是因为占星术被它的现代实践者描述为一门科学，许多人被它误导了。”据此可知A项正确。答案A第2题:推理判断题。The Greeks believed that the earth was composed of fourelements, and the heavens of a perfect crystalline material. The planetsthemselves were variously thought to be gods, residences of gods, or atleast manifestations of gods.希腊人相信地球是由四种元素组成的，而天堂是由完美的水晶物质构成的。行星本身被以各种方式认为是神，神的住所，或者至少是神的显现。据此可知C项“神被认为与行星密切相关”正确。答案C第3题:细节事实题。由文章末尾“It wasnt until the time of Newton that we understood that the laws of Nature apply to the celestial worlds as well as to the terrestrial one. During antiquity, however, all great scholars believed in astrology. 直到牛顿时代，我们才明白自然法则不仅适用于地球，也适用于天体。然而，在古代，所有伟大的学者都相信占星术。”可知古代学者并不知道自然法则适用于所有行星。B项正确。第4题:主旨大意题。由第一段“I think it is because astrology is presented as if it were a science by its modern practitioner, and many people are misled by this. 我认为这是因为占星术被现代的从业者描述成一门科学，很多人被误导了。”及第二段“In fact，astrology was never a science. 事实上，占星术从来都不是一门科学。”可知作者认为占星术并非科学，不可信。答案D。本文主要是为了说明占星术不是科学，并未将占星术与真正的科学进行对比，故B项不对。文中对于占星术发展来源的叙述只是为了表明占星术是一种迷信，并不是本文的写作目的，故A项不对。C项“指出占星术很受欢迎”并不是本文的写作目的。11. 单选题The newspaper must provide for the reader objectively selected facts; But in these days of complex news it must provide interpretation, the meaning of the facts.However, the opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor should confine themselves（1）the facts : This insistence（2）two questions: What are the facts? Are the bare facts enough?As to the first question, consider how a so-called factual story comes about. The reporter collects（3） fifty facts; out of these fifty his space （4） being necessarily restricted, he selects ten（5） he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall（6） the lead of the piece. (This is an important decision because many readers do not（7） eyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact,（8） on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called factual or objective story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike（9） involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling（10） their research resources, their general background, and their news neutralism arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.问题1选项A.withB.byC.throughD.to问题2选项A.raisesB.risesC.arisesD.rouses问题3选项A.speakB.stateC.remarkD.say问题4选项A.agreementB.assignmentC.allotmentD.arrangement问题5选项A.whatB.whichC.howD.whether问题6选项A.determineB.involveC.constituteD.organize问题7选项A.progressB.prolongC.prospectD.proceed问题8选项A.ratherB.thanC.orD.instead问题9选项A.thatB.thisC.theseD.those问题10选项A.upB.offC.uponD.for【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B第6题:C第7题:D第8题:C第9题:D第10题:C【解析】第1题:考查固定搭配。confine sb. to“将某人限定在内”，答案D第2题:考查固定搭配。此空意为提出问题 raise questions，答案A第3题:考查动词辨析。say做副词用，前后用逗号隔开，表示“大约、例如”，答案D第4题:考查名词辨析。agreement 协议；arrangement安排； assignment分派指定的任务；allotment 分配、配发。由上下文可知此空意为“分配”，答案C第5题:考查连词辨析。此处由which引导定语从句，答案B第6题:考查动词辨析。 determine 决定、下决心； involve 包含、牵涉；constitute组成，构成；organize 组织。句意：编辑要从这十个事实选一个构成总领 。答案C第7题:考查动词辨析。 progress 进步；prolong 延长；prospect 勘探；proceed继续进行。句意：读者不会继续再读下一段。答案D第8题:考查固定搭配。whetheror“不管还是 ”第9题:考查代词辨析。those指代judgments第10题:考查词组辨析。call up征召入伍；call off 取消；call upon 号召，要求，拜访； call for 要求、需要。句意：记者和编辑会结合调查资源、大环境背景和新闻中立性原则答案C12. 单选题These varied racial groups have learned to live together in peace and（ ），setting an example well worth following.问题1选项A.harmonyB.graceC.rhythmD.relief【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。harmony和睦，融洽； grace 优雅；rhythm 节奏，韵律；relief救济，减轻； peace and harmony和谐和平，是固定搭配。句意：这些不同的种族群体已学会和平共处地生活在一起，树立了值得学习的榜样。答案A13. 翻译题我们的国家走向现代化，最大的障碍，并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进， 但十几亿人口的整体素质是无法引进的，必须靠我们自己去提高。据约略估计，中国品牌约占国内冰箱和洗衣机市场的90%,空调市场的70%-80%, 彩电市场的60%。在许多领域，产品质量有很大提高。中国一家主要的家电厂商，已经从价格转向以质量、高效销售和售后服务进行竞争。【答案】（1）On the way to modernization, the biggest obstacle to our country is not the shortage of natural resources, nor the lack of funds, still less the problem of technology, but rather the quality of over one billion people. Funds can be accumulated, technology can be created or imported, but the quality of such a large population, which cannot be introduced from abroad, should be improved on our own.（2）Its roughly estimated that Chinese brands approximately account for 90% domestic market share of refrigerators and washing machines, with 70% to 80% of air conditioners, 60% of color TVs. In many fields, the quality of Chinese brand products has improved greatly. A major Chinese manufacturer of home appliances has oriented its competition from price to the quality of product, high effective sales and after-sales service.14. 单选题Anyone not paying the registration fee by the end of this month will be （ ）to have withdrawn from the program.问题1选项A.contemplatedB.deemedC.acknowledgedD.anticipated【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析题。contemplate “沉思，注视”；deem “认为，视作”；acknowledge “承认”；anticipate “预期，期望”；句意：到本月底还没有交纳注册费的人将被视为已取消该课程。B项符合句意，答案B15. 单选题He said that ending the agreement would （ ）the future of small or family-run shops,lead to fewer books being published and increase prices of all but a few bestsellers.问题1选项A.ventureB.exposeC.jeopardizeD.legalize【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。venture “冒险”；expose“揭露，揭发”；jeopardize “损害”；legalize “使合法化”。句意：他说，终止协议不利于小型或家庭式经营书店未来的发展，那样会减少图书出版量，而且会提高除部分畅销书以外全部图书的价格。由lead to可知是导致不好的结果，故空格处要填贬义词，答案C16. 单选题Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e. worked for somebody else. Today only one out