2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第113期

2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Shell fish give the （ ） appearance of enjoying a peaceful existence although in fact life is a constant struggle for them.问题1选项A.misledB.deceptiveC.initialD.understandable【答案】B【解析】句意：贝壳鱼给人一种享受平静生活的假象, 但实际上它们的生活是一场不断的斗争。misled为动词, 把.带错方向, 误导, 放在此处不符合语法； deceptive迷惑的, 虚伪的；initial最初的；understandable可以理解的。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题Diseases of the twenty-first century are inevitably be different from those of the twentieth century; just as our present illnesses have been quite different from those of the nineteenth century. Although our health is improving in many ways and we are living longer than in previous decades, new diseases and conditions threaten the quality of our lives. We have already observed some significant changes in the 1980s that foretold what health problems lie ahead in the twenty-first century:Diseases of the immune system, not just AIDS but various conditions of a deficient or overactive immune system, have reached epidemic proportions.The number of people suffering from viral conditions that are incurable with conventional therapies is increasing, and the number of newly defined viral conditions, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus and cytomegalovirus, is also increasing significantly.More and more bacterial infections are becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics and are requiring stronger antibiotics, which also are net always successful in curing the infections.Allergies to foods, to common substances such as animal hairs and house dust, and to new chemicals are becoming more prevalent. One in seven Americans had an allergy in 1950, as many as one in five had an allergy in 1970, and approximately 75 million Americans, or nearly one in three, had an allergy in 1985.Chronic disability is affecting people more frequently at younger and younger ages. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the percentage of children under 17 years of age who are limited in activity due to chronic conditions increased by 86% from 1967 to 1979.Mental disease is affecting more and more people. The National Institute of Mental Health estimated in 1984 that one in every five Americans had a mental disorder. This same study revealed that, during a six-month period, 8.3% of Americans suffered from an anxiety disorder, 6.4% had an alcohol or drug problem, and 6% had a mood disorder.In addition to these various trends, one of the more significant facts that will affect the future of health care is that larger percentage of the population will be over 65 years old. According to projections by the US Bureau of the Census, the size of the American population Over 65 in 1985 will have doubled by 2030.Futurists generally assume that twenty-first century medicine will include new and more-powerful drugs and various innovative technological interventions. However, futurists tend to ignore the serious problems presently arising from conventional medications. According to 1986 statistics, the average American receives 7.5 prescriptions a yeah This is a particularly frightening number because we all know there are people who have not been prescribed any medications in the past year, which means that someone else is getting their 7.5 drugs.Since most drugs have side effects, some of which are quite serious, and since the sick person is often prescribed several drugs at the same time, any of which may have even greater potential for side effects, it is no wonder that 50% of the time people do not even get their drug prescriptions filled. Additionally various studies have indicated that 25% to 90% of the time patients make errors in administering the medicines. Despite the respect that people generally show inward present-day physicians, there does not seem to be equal confidence in the treatments they prescribe.1.That diseases of the 21st century are different from those of 20th century is（ ） .2.Which of the following is true about diseases of the immune system?3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?4.We may infer from the passage that（ ） .5.According to the National Institute of Mental Health, in 1984, （ ） .问题1选项A.what scientists are worried aboutB.a well-grounded statementC.drawn on changes in the medical professionD.not necessarily true问题2选项A.They refer to AIDS only.B.They become epidemic in the 21st century.C.They crop up in various organs.D.They make patients overactive and feel restless.问题3选项A.Cases of chronic disability increased by an alarming rate of 86% in the late 1980s.B.Chronic disability used to affect old people only.C.Chronic disability causes some people to be limited in activity.D.Chronic disability has increased greatly among the teenagers.问题4选项A.many of the 21st century diseases are closely related to the environmentB.the average life span will become still longer despite all the future diseasesC.mans ability to resist diseases will not change with timeD.people of the 21st century know better how to make full use of their prescribed medicine.问题5选项A.25% of the Americans had a mental disorderB.doctors predicted that the mental cases would be declining in the 21th centuryC.the size of the American population over 65 with mental disorders was doubledD.cases of mental disorders increased quickly【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.本题可采用排除法。选项A在文中没有提及科学家们的担心, 所以不正确；根据第一段第一句“Diseases of the twenty-first century are inevitably be different from those of the twentieth century;”可知选项D错误；结合全文内容可知, 本文讲述的是20世纪存在的事实, 由此可知是对21世纪的推测, 所以选项B表述也不正确；只有选项C正确。2.根据第二段的内容可知, 免疫系统疾病, 不仅是艾滋病, 甚至包括免疫系统缺陷或过度活跃的各种情况, 都已达到流行病的程度。选项B符合原文。3.根据第六段第一句“Chronic disability is affecting people more frequently at younger and younger ages.”可知, 选项B不正确。4.根据倒数第三段第一句, 除了这些不同的趋势之外, 影响医疗保健未来的一个更重要的事实是, 65岁以上的人口比例将更大。也就是说, 尽管未来会有各种疾病, 但人类的平均寿命将会变得更长。选项B符合原文。5.根据关键词“the National Institute of Mental Health”定位到倒数第四段, 根据上下文, 精神疾病正在影响越来越多的人, 每五个美国人中就有一个患有精神障碍。由此可知, 精神疾病的病例迅速增加。选项D符合原文。3. 单选题Mens and womens brains are not only different, but the way we use them differs too. Women have larger connections and more frequent interaction between their brains left and right hemispheres. This accounts for womens ability to have better verbal skills and intuition. Men, on the other hand, have greater brain hemisphere separation, which explains their skills for abstract reasoning and visual-spatial intelligence.Both men and women tend to follow their biological programs. Men tend to retain a firm sense of direction: they need to trace the game, catch it, and find the way home, while women have a better peripheral vision that helps them to see whats happening around the house, to spot all approaching danger, to notice changes in the childrens behavior and appearance. Mens brains are programmed to hunting, which explains their narrow range of vision, while womens brains are able to decipher a wider range of information.When entering a room, men look for exits, estimating a possible threat, and ways of escape, while women pay attention to the guests 9faces to find out who they are and how they feel. Men are able to sort out information and archive it in their head. Women tend to “rewind” the information over and over again. The only way to stop thinking of the problems is to talk it over.When a woman shares her problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions: she needs someone to listen to her.Men prefer strident noises, hard handshakes, and red color. They are better at solving technical problems. Women have a sharper ear; they use more words while talking, and are better at completing tasks independently.Based on these biologically explained differences, some psychological distinctions between men and women can be established; Men grasp a situation as a whole and think globally, while women think locally, relying on details and nuances; men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by others. Women tend to criticize themselves, while men are more satisfied with their own performance. Mens satisfaction come from career and prosperity, while women value family and kids; men have a pronounced need to fulfill their goals, and women rank relationships with others first. Women endue pain and monotonous work better than men.All the above gets even more confusing, if we take into account that 15 to 20 % of men happen to have a female type of brains, and about 10%of women have a male type of brains, which means that some percentage of men and women no matter how small it seems, are partially programmed to the behavior and way of thinking of the opposite gender.“Okay, I understand the problem” you are saying to yourself, but “whats the solution”？ That depends on whether you are a woman or a man.1.This passage mainly describes the differences between men and women in（ ） .2.When a woman narrates her problems to a man, she wants（ ）.3.Which of the following may reflect the Chinese saying “女人心, 海底针”？4.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.5.When a man has a sharper natural ability of intuition than other men, we would say that he（ ）.6.When we say “women think locally” it means that（ ）.问题1选项A.physiologyB.sociologyC.psychologyD.all of the above问题2选项A.a helperB.a listenerC.all analyzerD.problem-solver问题3选项A.Womens brains are able to decipher a wider range of information.B.Women have larger connections and more frequent interaction between their brains left and right hemispheres.C.women are better at completing tasks independently.D.woman attach greater importance to relationships.问题4选项A.men are more dependent emotionallyB.women are less dependent emotionallyC.men are less dependent in making decisionsD.women are less confident than men问题5选项A.is a woman as a matter of factB.is born to be a womanC.has a female type of brainsD.has a male type of brains问题6选项A.women are attracted more by local affairsB.women notice only the local affairsC.women pay more attention to detailsD.women dont care about the international affairs【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C第6题:C【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 第一二段主要是生理学的角度讲述讲述男女差异, 第三四五段是社会学的角度, 第六段是心理学的角度, 所以选项D正确。2.根据第四段“When a woman shares her problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions: she needs someone to listen to her.”可知, 当女人在倾诉的时候, 她需要的不是解决方案, 而是一个倾听者, 所以选项B正确。3.“女人心, 海底针”指女人想得比较多, 心思难以琢磨。选项A“女性的大脑能够解读更广泛的信息”说明女性心思细腻, 想法多。所以选项A符合题意。其他选项都不是讲女性心思细腻, 想法多, 所以排除。4.根据原文可知, 选项A和B在文中没有提及, 根据第六段“men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by others.”男人在思想和行动上更独立, 而女人更愿意听从别人的建议。说明男性在做决定时更独立, 选项C正确；第六段提及女人喜欢批评自己, 而男人对自己的表现更满意, 并不能说明女人不如男人自信, 所以排除。5.根据倒数第二段的内容可知, 15-20%的男性有着女性思维方式的大脑, 而10%的女性有着男性思维方式的大脑, 他们的思维方式和行为与异性一致。根据题意, 当一个男人比其他男人有更敏锐的直觉能力, 我们说她有着女性思维方式的大脑, 因为一般女性比男性的直觉要更加敏锐, 所以选项C正确。6.根据第六段“Men grasp a situation as a whole and think globally, while women think locally, relying on details and nuance.”男性从整体上把握形势, 放眼全球；而女性则从局部出发, 依靠细节和细微差别进行思考。选项C符合原文。4. 单选题Orange juice and beef form part of the diet of many people in Mexico and other countries of the Americas. But the traces of antibiotics and fungicides they can contain pose risks to human health, and authorities in the region have begun to address the problem.In January 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a ban on extralabel or unapproved uses of cephalosporin antimicrobial drugs in cattle, swine, chickens and turkeys as of April 2012.As a result, Mexico will be forced to gradually eliminate the use of this class of antimicrobial drugs in order to continue to export products to markets like the United States, because cattle in Mexico, which has a total herd of 25 million head according to the ministry of agriculture, receive large doses of antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline and cephalosporins to prevent bacterial infections.Mexicos ministry of agriculture has actually a manual for good livestock practices regarding raising beef in feedlots, which recommends only using registered medications, not using approved combinations of medicines, and using narrow spectrum antimicrobials to treat a specific disease whenever possible.In addition, regulations for the National Animal Identification System are pending approval. The system, which covers cattle, sheep, goats, horses, swine and bees, will provide for complete traceability of animals and products.A number of scientific studies have found traces of drugs in animal products. One example is the study carried out in the western Mexican state of Jalisco, the countrys leading milk producer “Evaluation of the presence of antibiotic and chemotherapy residues in milk in Jalisco, Mexico”, published in 2009 in the Animal Health Journal.It can be concluded that there is a problem of contamination with antimicrobials in the milk consumed in Jalisco, in violation of the countrys regulations, says the study by five researchers at the University Center on Biological and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Guadalajara.Of the 264 samples analyzed, 26 (9.8 percent) had residues of antimicrobial drugs, and 77 percent of the samples that tested positive for traces had at least one sulfonamide.Since Mexico produces more than 1 0 billion liters of milk a year, according to ministry of agriculture figures, “Mexico should shift to a policy of non-chemical controls,” said the chief researcher. The International Programme on Chemical Safety, a cooperative programme, of the World Health Organization, International Labor Organization and UN Environment Programme says the fungicide can remain in the soil for up to three years.However these issues are not addressed by the National Strategy for Sustainable Production and Consumption that the Mexican government is drafting.1.Which of the following can be a statement of the main idea of this passage?2.The National Animal Identification System （ ）.3.There has been evidence that（ ） .4.“Mexico should shift to a policy of non-chemical controls” means（ ） .5.Fungicides call remains in the soil for up to（ ） .6.The topic of this passage is（ ） .7.The tone of this passage can be described as（ ） .8.The word “addressed” (Line 1, last paragraph)can be best replaced by（ ） .问题1选项A.Orange juice and beef form part &the diet of many Mexican people.B.Mexico exports cattle, swine, chickens and turkeys to the United States every year.C.Mexico should keep traces of antibiotics out of food.D.Mexican Ministry of Agriculture fails to control food products问题2选项A.has been approved recently by the Ministry of Agriculture of MexicoB.can trace animals and the products from themC.standardizes animal raising in the worldD.has been drafted by the experts of the agricultural ministry experts问题3选项A.Mexican animal products have traces of drugs used in the course of their growthB.he United States announced a ban on animal products from MexicoC.contamination with antimicrobials has been widely found in Mexican food productsD.77 % Of Mexican animal products have traces of chemicals问题4选项A.Mexico should prohibit the Use of chemicals in animalsB.Mexico should adopt a policy of not controlling chemical usesC.Mexican government controlled chemical use in the past, but not in the futureD.Mexican government should change the policy of not controlling chemicals问题5选项A.three daysB.three weeksC.three monthsD.three years问题6选项A.Mexican dietary traditionsB.Mexican agricultural produceC.contamination of Mexican animal food productsD.Mexican sustainable production问题7选项A.affectiveB.criticalC.objectiveD.subjective问题8选项A.dealt withB.saidC.talkedD.mentioned【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:C第7题:C第8题:A【解析】1.结合全文可知, 本文主要讲的是墨西哥应该在食品中停止抗生素的使用, 只有选项C能概括文章大意。2.根据第五段的内容可知, 该系统涵盖牛、羊、山羊、马、猪和蜜蜂, 将为动物和产品提供完整的可追溯性。选项B符合原文。3.根据第六段第一句“A number of scientific studies have found traces of drugs in animal products.”可知, 是在动物制品中检测出药物痕迹, 而不是在动物生长的过程中, 选项A错误；根据第二段的内容可知, 美国是禁止使用药物而不是禁止进口墨西哥产品, 选项B错误；根据原文倒数第三段可知是77%的样品被检测出含有微量化学物质, 而不是所有产品的77%, 所以选项D也不正确。只有选项C符合原文。4.结合原文内容可首先排除选项B和D；原文句意：墨西哥应该转向, 说明墨西哥以前并没有采取过非化学控制政策, 所以选项不正确；只有选项A是正确的。5.根据倒数第二段最后一句“ the fungicide can remain in the soil for up to three years.”可知选项D正确。6.本文主要讲的是墨西哥动物食品的污染问题, 选项C正确。7.本文只是客观的陈述事实, 没有任何带有个人主义色彩的观点, 所以选项C正确。8.根据原文可知, 这里的address修饰issues, 应该是处理问题, 所以选项A正确。5. 单选题With the US economy slowing down, layoffs are everywhere. No industry is spared. If you end up having to start over, in addition to starting your job search, there are several things you should take care of to make your transition a smooth one.First and foremost, clear up any misunderstanding about how and why you left your last job with your ex-boss. Whether you left voluntarily, were fired or were laid off due to budget cutbacks, make sure you both have the same explanation. Agree on job titles accordingly. Also ask for a reference if you think your ex-boss will offer one and you trust that he or she will speak honestly about your performance.You should have a source of emergency cash that you can use in the interim. Dont panic and liquidate your stocks and bonds just yet, be optimistic in your prospects while also be more frugal than usual. You should save money on not having to dry clean work clothes so often and eating less take-out lunches. Save money by not eating out at restaurants and watch videos rather than going to the movies every weekend. Mark a note of your job-hunting expenses, such as career counselor consulting fees and resume printing costs, and save the receipts. By next years tax-filing time, you could get deductions on your job-search expense (unless you left a job willingly or was a college graduate looking for your first job).Most companies terminate your medical insurance coverage as soon as you stop working for them. But it doesnt mean you have to forgo medical coverage altogether. There is something called Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) in the United States that legally protects an ex-employees right to stay in the companys health care plan. However, the company will stop paying your premiums, and you will have to pay out of your pocket the expenses. This is still a good option compared to no health insurance at all.Another important thing to take care of when you change jobs is your 401(k) account. A 401(k) is the retirement fund that most companies offer. Its named after section 401(k) in the Internal Revenue Services policy documents. You put aside a percentage of your paycheck each pay period, and the money accumulated will be managed by the 401(k) fund manager your employer has hired and is invested in the stock market. You cannot withdraw money from this account until you reach this age, or you will incur penalties. When you leave a job, the money can sometimes be kept with your ex-employer for awhile. Its always a good idea to compare your new employers 401(k) plan with your old one. Every company offers different types of investment options, form overseas stocks to high-tech stocks and everything in between. If you dont want to transfer the account to your new employer, you need to go to the human resources department and ask for forms that help you make the transition.Dont forget to ask for job leads from your ex-coworker. Even if you are leaving for a job in another indus