2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第169期

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The country had（ ） swiftly into open conflict with its neighbors.问题1选项A.underwentB.plungedC.tightenedD.confronted【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。undergo “经受，经历；遭受”；plunge “投入，跳进，陷入 ”；tighten “变紧，绷紧，拉紧”；confront “使面临，对抗”。句意：这个国家很快便陷入了与邻国的公开冲突中。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a persons self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listeners receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.What does the author mean by stating that, at interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen (lines 8-9)?3.Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 15?4.According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice may be an indication of a persons5.According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?问题1选项A.The function of the voice in performanceB.The connection between voice and personalityC.Communication stylesD.The production of speech问题2选项A.Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.B.The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.C.A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.D.Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.问题3选项A.As examples of public performance.B.As examples of basic styles of communicationC.To contrast them to singingD.To introduce the idea of self-image问题4选项A.general physical healthB.personalityC.ability to communicateD.vocal quality问题5选项A.lethargyB.depressionC.boredomD.anger【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段第一句话便是全文的中心句A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.（与说话嗓音有关的一些因素显露出说话者的个性）。选项B “嗓音与个性的联系”符合题意。2.文章第一段Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener提到交谈者的语气有意或者无意地表达出直观的同情或反感，冷漠或感兴趣，疲劳、紧张、热情或激动等等。选项B “语气可能带着超越言语意思的信息”符合题意。3.文章第一段Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture提到公开表演是一种高度专业的交流方式，需要通过声音的技巧或手势来取得所需要的效果，题目中 artistic, political等都属于这一类公开表演。选项A符合题意。4.文章第二段Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits提到自我形象可以通过语气来表明，比如自信、傲慢、害羞、挑衅、友好等等，这些都是个性的特点。选项B符合题意。5.文章第二段by constricted and harsh sound of the angry可知选项D符合题意。3. 单选题After doing odd jobs for a week, he got a （ ）position as an office-boy.问题1选项A.permanentB.sufficientC.transparentD.universal【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。permanent “永久的；不变的”；sufficient “足够的，充分的”；transparent “透明的”；universal “普遍的”。句意：做了一个星期临时工后，他得到了一份办公室固定的工作。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题It is （ ）that the Internet is exerting a growing important influence on peoples lives.问题1选项A.indistinctiveB.indissolubleC.indispensableD.indisputable【答案】D【解析】考查形近形容词词义辨析。indistinctive “无特色的，不显著的”；indissoluble “不能分解的，不能溶解的”；indispensable “不可缺少的”；indisputable “明白的，无可争议的”。根据句意“互联网对人们的生活起到了越来越重要的影响”，这个事实是无可争议的，所以选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Communication is the process of a message（ ） from a source to an audience via a channel.问题1选项A.shiftingB.transmittingC.submittingD.transforming【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。shift “转移；改变；替换”；transmit “传输；传播”；submit “使服从；呈递”；transform “改变，使变形；转换”。句意：通信是消息通过渠道从出处传播给观众的过程。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题The agency is more（ ） with making arty ads than understanding its clients.问题1选项A.worriedB.caredC.attentiveD.concerned【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析、动词词义辨析。worried “担心的”，一般与介词about搭配；cared 是动词care的过去分词，be cared about “被关心”；attentive “留意的，注意的”；concerned “有关的，关心的”。句意：相比了解自己的客户，该广告代理更关心艺术气息的广告。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life （1）common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same.However, biological understanding is not enough: （2）itself, it can never tell us what human beings are.（3）to our physical equipment the naked human body we are not an（4）animal. We are tropical creatures,（5）hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us to get it. In the purely physical（6） our species seems a poor （7） for survival.But we have survived-survived and multiplied and（8） the earth. Some day we will have a（9）living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. （10） its limitations, our physical equipment has some important （11） We have excellent vision and hands that can（12）objects with a precision unmatched by any other （13）. Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost （14） number of neural （15） .We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth our tropical bodies need （16） clothing, shelter, and（17） heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and（18） deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations.It was not always （19）. Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no （20）and lacked the physical capacity to use it.问题1选项A.processesB.actsC.modesD.procedures问题2选项A.OnB.WithC.ForD.By问题3选项A.StrippedB.ParedC.PeeledD.Removed问题4选项A.intelligentB.impressiveC.influentialD.incentive问题5选项A.barelyB.hardlyC.nearlyD.scarcely问题6选项A.meaningB.judgmentC.perspectiveD.sense问题7选项A.betB.chanceC.factD.luck问题8选项A.filledB.loadedC.stuffedD.scattered问题9选项A.residenceB.colonyC.homeD.empire问题10选项A.Apart fromB.With regard toC.With the exception ofD.In spite of问题11选项A.abilitiesB.potentialsC.capabilitiesD.possibilities问题12选项A.maneuverB.manageC.manipulateD.manufacture问题13选项A.animalB.animalsC.creaturesD.creature44.问题14选项A.infiniteB.unknownC.boundlessD.ceaseless问题15选项A.connectionsB.relationsC.activitiesD.accesses问题16选项A.forB.toC.withD.by问题17选项A.artificialB.fakeC.unrealD.unauthentic问题18选项A.add upB.break upC.make upD.cut up问题19选项A.thisB.thusC.henceD.that问题20选项A.intellectB.equipmentC.competenceD.culture【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:D第7题:A第8题:A第9题:B第10题:D第11题:B第12题:C第13题:A第14题:A第15题:A第16题:D第17题:A第18题:C第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）考查名词词义辨析。process “过程；进行；步骤”；act “行动；法令，法案；（戏剧，歌剧的）一幕”；mode “模式；方式；风格”；procedure “程序；手续；步骤”。空格处所在句子的句意是：我们呼吸、进食、消化和重现生命过程的这些模式与动物非常像。选项C符合题意。（2）考查固定搭配。by itself “独自”。选项D符合题意。（3）考查动词词义辨析。strip “剥夺；剥去”；pare “消减；削皮；剪；修掉（边等）”；peel “剥落；削”；remove “移动；迁移”。空格处所在句子的句意是：脱掉我们的衣服，露出赤裸的人类身体，我们不再是给人印象深刻的一种动物。选项A符合题意。（4）考查形容词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意参考第33题，选项B符合题意。（5）考查副词词义辨析。barely “仅仅”；hardly “几乎不”；nearly “几乎；密切地”；scarcely “几乎不”。空格处所在句子的句意是：我们是一种热情的生物，身上几乎没有毛，对冷很敏感。选项C符合题意。（6）考查固定搭配。in the sense “从这种意义上来说”。选项D符合题意。（7）考查名词词义辨析。bet “打赌，赌注”；chance “机会”； fact “事实”；luck “运气”。空格处所在句子的句意是：从物体的意义上来说，我们这个物种在生存上似乎不是一个好的赌注。选项A符合题意。（8）考查动词词义辨析。fill “装满；充满；挤满”；load “使担负”；stuff “塞满；填塞”；scatter“使散开；使散播”。空格处所在句子的句意是：当时我们生存下来了，数量不断增加，并且挤满在世界的各个地方。选项A符合题意。（9）考查逻辑关系。文章倒数第二段提到 our eventual moon colony “我们最后的月球聚居地”。所以选项B符合题意。（10）考查介词词组辨析。apart from “除 之外”；with regard to “关于，至于”；with the exception of “除了 之外”；in spite of “尽管”。空格处所在句子的句意是：尽管我们的身体有很多局限，但是我们的身体设备有很多的潜能。选项D符合题意。（11）考查名词词义辨析。ability “能力”；potential “潜能”；capability “才能，能力”；possibility “可能性”。空格处所在句子的句意参考第40题，选项B符合题意。（12）考查动词词义辨析。maneuver “机动；演习”；manage “管理；经营”；manipulate “操纵；操作”；manufacture “制造；加工；捏造”。空格处句子所在句意：我们有着极好的视力和一双能精确使用物体上的双手，这是其他动物无法相比的。选项C符合题意。（13）考查名词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意参考第42题。根据空格前的 any other 可知空格处需要填入一个可数名词的单数形式，选项A符合题意。（14）考查形容词词义辨析。infinite “无限的，无穷的”；unknown “未知的；不出名的”；boundless“无限的，无边无际的”；ceaseless“不断的；不停的”。空格处所在句子的句意是：更重要的是，我们拥有几乎无限数量神经连接的大脑。选项A符合题意。（15）考查名词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意参考第44题。选项A符合题意。（16）考查介词辨析。for “为了；因为；给”；to “到；向”；with “用；随着；和 在一起”；by “通过；被；经由”。空格处所在句子的句意是：如果我们居住在北极区，我们通过衣服、遮盖物和人造的取暖设备来供应我们热带身体所需的保暖。可知空格处需要填的介词有“通过”的意思，选项D符合题意。（17）考查形容词词义辨析。artificial “人造的；仿造的；虚伪的”；fake “伪造的”；unreal “不真实的；假的”；unauthentic “不确实的；不真实的”。空格处所在句子的句意参考第46题，选项A符合题意。（18）考查动词词组辨析。add up “合计；加起来”；break up “打碎；结束”；make up “组成；补足；编造”；cut up “切碎”。_ deficits(差额) 与 “by transporting supplies from distant places”(通过从远方运送补给) 可知对应的是“补足差额”。选项 C符合题意。（19）考查固定搭配。It was not always thus / that way “事情也不总是那样”。选项B符合题意。（20）考查名词词义辨析。intellect “智力；知识分子”；equipment “设备，装备；器材”；competence “胜任；能力”；culture “文化”。文章倒数第二段提到“我们人类用身体设备，比如手和大脑等创造了对我们生存和成功至关重要的文化”，而最后一段提到我们的祖先不会使用这些设备，可以推断是缺乏相应的文化。空格处所在句子的句意是：他们没有文化，也缺乏使用自身身体设备的能力。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication （ ）the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.问题1选项A.in whichB.in this wayC.in thatD.in order that【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。空格后面是一个完整的句子，不缺任何主要成分。in which 引导定语从句，可以排除；in this way “以 的方式”，不符合题意。in that 在句中引导原因状语从句，符合句意：广告与其他的交流方式不同，因为广告人需要为要发表的信息付费。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题Some scientists are dubious of the claim that organisms（ ） with age as an inevitable outcome of living.问题1选项A.depressB.defaultC.degradeD.deteriorate【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。degrade “降低，降级，退化”；deteriorate “恶化，变坏”；default “拖欠，不履行义务”；depress “ 压抑，使沮丧”。根据句意“科学家对于生物体随着年龄增长会_是必然结果这种说法表示怀疑”，可知空格处应该填表示“退化”此类意思的词，degrade强调功能的退化，deteriorate 强调身体状况的恶化，显然选项C符合题意。10. 单选题She felt that she was too（ ） with problems to be able to study properly.问题1选项A.burdenedB.tiredC.grievedD.disturbed【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。burdened “背负的”；tired “疲倦的”；grieved “悲伤的”；disturbed “打搅的”。句意：她觉得自己背负着太多问题而不能正确学习。选项A符合题意。tooto“太 而不能 ”。选项A符合题意。11. 单选题America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it （ ）before the West was settled.问题1选项A.couldB.didC.wouldD.was【答案】B【解析】考查语法结构。根据句意可知空白处是指代前面的动词have，并且是过去时态，所以选项B符合题意。12. 单选题Much of the language used to describe mometary policy, such as“steering the economy to a soft landing”or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence there is an analogy that likens the conduct of mometary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1980s and early 1990s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 2003 the panel of economists which The Economists polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 2004. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan, over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas，have little productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment-the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little, defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.1.According to the text, making monetary policy changes（ ）.2.From the passage we learn that（ ）.3.The passage suggests that（ ）.4.By saying This is no flash in the pan (in Paragraph 3) the author implies that（ ）.5.How does the author feel about the present situation?问题1选项A.is comparable to driving a carB.is similar to carrying out scientific workC.will not influence the economy immediatelyD.will have an immediate impact on the inflation rates问题2选项A.there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest ratesB.the economy always follows particular trendsC.the current economic problems are entirely predictableD.the present economic situation is better than expected问题3选项A.the previous economic models are still applicable.B.an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.C.a high unemployment rate will result from inflation.D.interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.问题4选项A.the low inflation rate will continueB.the inflation rate will rise againC.inflation will disappear entirelyD.there is no inflation at present问题5选项A.Tolerant.B.Indifferent.C.Disappointed.D.Surprised.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段提到政策对经济的影响是需要很长一段时间的（and there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy），选项C的描述与之相符，所以符合题意。2.文章第一段提到利率与通货膨胀的关系并不明确（The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain）所以选项A排除；文章提到近年来的经济状况出乎人们的预期，与预测的不一样，所以选项B和C不符合。所以选项D符合题意。3.文章第四段最后一句话the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past提到过去认为失业率低于正常失业率时候，通货膨胀会上升，选项B符合题意。4.This is no flash in the pan 指的是“这不是昙花一现”。文章第三段提到了美国、英国、日本在2004年的低通货膨胀率后指出，事实上，在过往的几年中，这些国家的通货膨胀率一直低于预测（It is also less than most forecasters had predicted）。选项A符合题意。5.文章多次表示现在的经济状况好得出乎人们的预料，所以选项D符合题意。13. 单选题Who won the World Cup 2002 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? （1）an event takes place; newspapers are on the streets（2）the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to（3） the news.Newspapers have one basic（4）, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to（5） it. Radio, telegraph, television, the Internet and（6）inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication （7）, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the（8）and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are（9）and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers（10）of the latest news, todays newspapers（11）and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers economic choices （12）advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very（13）Newspapers are sold at a price that（14） to cover even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main（15）of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The（16） in selling advertising depends on a newspapers value to advertisers. This（17）in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends（18）on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment（19）in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information（20）the community, city, country, slate, nation, and worldand even outer space.问题1选项A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before问题2选项A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given问题3选项A.gatherB.spreadC.carryD.bring问题4选项A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose问题5选项A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write问题6选项A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other问题7选项A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So问题8选项A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed问题9选项A.spreadB.passedC.printedD.completed问题10选项A.informB.be informedC.to be informedD.informed问题11选项A.entertainB.encourageC.educateD.edit问题12选项A.onB.throughC.withD.of问题13选项A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose问题14选项A.triesB.managesC.failsD.succeeds问题15选项A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance问题16选项A.w